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. 2020 Oct 22;10:18033. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-75125-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Model for the uptake of nanoparticles across the blood–brain barrier in brain spheroids. The blood–brain barrier slows the entry of nanoparticles. The uptake of nanoparticles is driven by the concentration gradient, i.e. the concentration of nanoparticles outside the spheroid (in dispersion) is always larger than inside the spheroid. As soon as a nanoparticle has entered, it can rapidly diffuse towards the center of the spheroid. Note that all images shown above were recorded with brain spheroids after washing, i.e. they represent the situation in the bottom panel.