Table 1.

Summary of different bioprinting and bioassembly technologies

Bioprinting Techniques	Materials	Resolution	Advantages	Reference
Material Jetting	Hydrogel: e.g. Alginate, collagen, fibrin, agarose, gelatin methacryloyl, polyethylene glycol	<10 μm to 200 μm diameter, Droplet volume of 1 pL to 7000 pL	Good resolution, Ultrafine droplets availability, Precise deposition of materials High speed printing of droplet	[18–21]
Material Extrusion	Hydrogel: e.g. Alginate, collagen, fibrin, agarose, gelatin methacryloyl, polyethylene glycol	15–400 μm	Relatively good resolution, Easy to implement, Wide range of hydrogel materials, Potential for multi-material bioprinting	[29–38]
Vat Polymerization Printing	Light sensitive photopolymers (e.g. GelMA, PEGDA)	5–100 μm	Good resolution, Fast printing speed, Nozzle-free, Potentially free from support-structure	[60,61,67]
Bioassembly or Bio- placer	Microtissues (cell spheroids, cell sheet)	Depends on the size of microtissues	Direct cell manipulation, Scaffold-free Multi-cellular construct for complex tissue	[69–71]