Table A1.

Definitions of variables used in analysis

Table or Figure	Variable	Definition/Construction
Table 4, Table 5	Value of consumption (1,000s TSh/AE/day)	Household consumption is the sum of the annualized monetary value of food products consumed within the past week, the annualized amount spent on other commonly purchased products within the previous month, and the amount spent on less commonly purchased goods over the past year. This is inclusive of both market and nonmarket transactions. These values are weighted with a Fisher food price index specific to geographic stratum and quarter to reflect the cost of living across different settings in Tanzania. The household consumption aggregate was produced by the World Bank and made available with the data set. These values are divided by the number of adult equivalents (AEs) in the household and by the number of days in a year. These are reported in real (inflation-adjusted) 2015 Tanzanian shillings (TSh).
	1 = Poor	Household poverty status is defined relative to the national poverty line in Tanzania (World Bank, 2015). A household is categorized as poor if the value of household consumption per adult equivalent per day falls below 1588 shillings in real (inflation-adjusted) 2015 TSh. With a 2015 exchange rate of approximately $1 USD = 2207 TSh, this equals $0.72.
	Proportion of food purchased	The share of the value of food consumed by the household over the previous 7 days that was acquired through purchase
	Proportion of budget spent on food	The share of a household's annual value of consumption (of food and nonfood items and expenses) that is allocated towards food
	1 = Any member completed primary school	Any household member has completed primary school (Standard 7)
	1 = Modern roof materials	The roof materials of the household dwelling is made of metal sheets, concrete/cement, tiles, or other modern materials
	Time to access water in dry season (minutes)	Respondent-estimated number of minutes (round trip) to access water in the dry season
	1 = Electricity	The household's source of energy for lighting is electricity
Table 6	Income shares:
	Crop	Crop income includes the value of crop sales, as well as the imputed value of crops produced and consumed. Crops retained for own consumption are valued either at the observed sales per kg (if the household sold any of a given crop), or at the median per-kg sales price at the smallest geographic unit for which at least 10 sales are observed in the data set in a given year. This is net of the value of costs associated with crop production.
	Livestock	Livestock income includes the value of livestock and livestock products sold, as well as the imputed value of livestock and livestock products that were produced and consumed. Values are imputed using the same method as for crop values above. This is net of the value of costs associated with livestock production.
	Agricultural wages	Income earned from working on others' farms
	Self-employment	Net income from businesses of all sizes (revenue minus business expenses)
	Non-agricultural wages	Income earned from working for others, whether in a salaried or wage position
	Transfers	Remittances, pensions, and any other financial assistance received
	Other	Any other sources of income, such as rental income
	Share farm income	Farm income is inclusive of income from crop and livestock production, as well as agricultural wage income.
Table 7	1 = Agricultural household	A household is considered to be agricultural if it has cultivated any farmland or holds any livestock.
	Land size (ha)	To compute the size of a household's landholdings, we use the Global Positioning Systems (GPS) area measures that are available for approximately three-quarters of cultivated plots, and the sizes of unmeasured plots are imputed with reference to farmers' estimates of land size and local patterns of measurement error.
	1 = Purchases improved seed	The farm-household cultivates improved seed that was newly purchased.
	1 = Uses tractor for land preparation	The farm-household prepares land for planting using a tractor.
	Land productivity (value crop production/ha cultivated)	The value of crop production in the main growing season (with crop values estimated as with crop income above), divided by area cultivated in the main season. This is reported in millions of real 2015 shillings, and the average value is calculated using area-adjusted weights (population weights multiplied by the area cultivated).
	Labor productivity (value crop production/labor day)	The value of crop production in the main growing season, divided by the number of labor days allocated to the farm in the main season. This is reported in real 2015 shillings, and the average value is calculated using population weights multiplied by number of labor days.
	Distance to agricultural market (km)	Farmer-reported distance to the nearest agricultural market. These were provided for each plot, and the value for the largest plot is used here.
	Proportion agricultural production sold	The share of the value of agricultural production (inclusive of crop and livestock production) that is marketed, as of the time of survey.
	1 = Sell crops at farm gate	Crops are sold at the farm, rather than transported elsewhere for sale.