Table 4.

Indicators of welfare in the rural population.

	Mean values, 2014			Δ in mean, 2008-14
	Administrative	Night light	Local nonfarm economy	Administrative	Night light	Local nonfarm economy
Value of consumption (1,000s TSh/AE/day)a	2.60	2.78**	2.48*	0.15**	0.11	−0.01
1 = Poor	0.32	0.30	0.34	0.00	0.01	0.04**
Proportion of food purchased	0.58	0.61***	0.55**	0.10***	0.07***	0.07***
Proportion of budget spent on food	0.76	0.75*	0.77	−0.02***	−0.01***	−0.01*
1 = Any household member completed primary school	0.74	0.74	0.72	0.05***	0.02	0.02
1 = Modern roof materials	0.65	0.67	0.62*	0.17***	0.14***	0.13***
Time to access water in dry season (minutes)	50.67	49.40	53.03	−17.49***	−15.90***	−15.84***
1 = Electricity	0.07	0.09**	0.03***	0.05***	0.04***	0.01*
Obs.	1984	2216	1787

Note: Asterisks in columns 2 and 3 denote the level of statistical significance for a t-test of equality of mean values in this column and column 1. Asterisks in columns 4, 5, and 6 denote the level of statistical significance for a t-test of equality of mean values in the first and most recent survey wave, using the rural definition in a given column. ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1.

^aThese are real (inflation-adjusted) 2015 shillings.