Table 2. End-Stage Kidney Disease Incidence Rate and Risk Factors.
| Variable | Events, No. | Person-years | Ratea | HR (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude | Model 1b | Model 2c | ||||
| HPV | ||||||
| No | 261 | 543 584 | 4.80 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 202 | 554 369 | 3.64 | 0.76 (0.63-0.91)d | 0.72 (0.60-0.87)e | 0.71 (0.59-0.86)e |
| Age, y | ||||||
| <20 | 4 | 332 501 | 0.12 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 20-49 | 99 | 570 566 | 1.74 | 14.4 (5.31-39.1)e | 9.27 (3.39-25.4)e | 10.3 (3.79-28.2)e |
| 50-64 | 150 | 124 723 | 12.0 | 102.0 (37.8-275.1)e | 14.7 (5.26-41.3)e | 19.0 (6.81-52.9)e |
| ≥65 | 210 | 70 164 | 29.9 | 257.3 (95.7-691.4)e | 15.3 (5.44-43.3)e | 20.1 (7.15-56.5)e |
| Sex | ||||||
| Women | 227 | 581 201 | 3.91 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Men | 236 | 516 752 | 4.57 | 1.18 (0.98-1.41) | NA | NA |
| Hypertension | ||||||
| No | 101 | 967 727 | 1.04 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 362 | 130 226 | 27.8 | 27.3 (21.9-34.1)e | 2.27 (1.57-3.28)e | 4.79 (3.52-6.51)e |
| Diabetes | ||||||
| No | 237 | 1 074 875 | 2.20 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 226 | 23 078 | 97.9 | 46.6 (38.8-56.0)e | 6.44 (5.18-8.01)e | 7.01 (5.63-8.73)e |
| Hyperlipidemia | ||||||
| No | 205 | 991 553 | 2.07 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 258 | 106 400 | 24.3 | 12.1 (10.1-14.5)e | 1.07 (0.84-1.36) | 1.24 (1.00-1.55) |
| Coronary artery disease | ||||||
| No | 271 | 1 027 461 | 2.64 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 192 | 70 492 | 27.2 | 10.6 (8.77-12.7)e | 0.77 (0.62-0.95)e | 0.82 (0.66-1.01) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | ||||||
| No | 418 | 1 089 131 | 3.84 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 45 | 8822 | 51.0 | 13.9 (10.2-19.0)e | 1.18 (0.86-1.62) | 1.25 (0.91-1.71) |
| Chronic kidney disease | ||||||
| No | 314 | 1 092 826 | 2.87 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 149 | 5126 | 290.7 | 109.7 (90.1-133.7)e | 15.6 (12.5-19.4)e | 16.6 (13.3-20.7)e |
| COPD | ||||||
| No | 348 | 1 035 830 | 3.36 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 115 | 62 123 | 18.5 | 5.73 (4.64-7.08)e | 0.93 (0.74-1.17) | 0.95 (0.75-1.19) |
| Chronic liver diseases | ||||||
| No | 361 | 1 009 792 | 3.57 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 102 | 88 161 | 11.6 | 3.33 (2.67-4.16)e | 0.83 (0.66-1.06) | 0.85 (0.67-1.08) |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus | ||||||
| No | 459 | 1 097 289 | 4.18 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 4 | 664 | 60.3 | 14.9 (5.58-40.0)e | 6.90 (2.47-19.2)e | 8.09 (2.88-22.7)e |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | ||||||
| No | 456 | 1 095 006 | 4.16 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 7 | 2947 | 23.8 | 5.95 (2.82-12.5)e | 2.04 (0.96-4.33) | 2.12 (1.00-4.50) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | ||||||
| No | 461 | 1 096 966 | 4.20 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 2 | 987 | 20.3 | 4.97 (1.24-19.9)f | 2.08 (0.51-8.39) | 2.21 (0.55-8.96) |
| Sjögren syndrome | ||||||
| No | 462 | 1 097 579 | 4.21 | 1 [Reference] | NA | NA |
| Yes | 1 | 374 | 26.7 | 6.61 (0.93-47.0) | NA | NA |
| Hepatitis C | ||||||
| No | 449 | 1 090 988 | 4.12 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 14 | 6965 | 20.1 | 5.10 (3.00-8.69)e | 0.92 (0.52-1.63) | 0.86 (0.48-1.52) |
| HIV | ||||||
| No | 462 | 1 097 354 | 4.21 | 1 [Reference] | NA | NA |
| Yes | 1 | 599 | 16.7 | 4.07 (0.57-28.9) | NA | NA |
| Hepatitis B | ||||||
| No | 446 | 1 070 589 | 4.17 | 1 [Reference] | NA | NA |
| Yes | 17 | 27 364 | 6.21 | 1.55 (0.95-2.51) | NA | NA |
| Statin use | ||||||
| No | 313 | 1 064 891 | 2.94 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Yes | 150 | 33 062 | 45.4 | 16.9 (13.9-20.6)e | 1.37 (1.08-1.73)f | NA |
| NSAID use | ||||||
| No | 106 | 539 822 | 1.96 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Yes | 357 | 558 131 | 6.40 | 3.64 (2.92-4.54)e | 1.07 (0.84-1.36) | NA |
| Antihypertensive medication use | ||||||
| No | 87 | 942 379 | 0.92 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Yes | 376 | 155 574 | 24.2 | 27.5 (21.8-34.8)e | 3.27 (2.23-4.78)e | NA |
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HPV, human papillomavirus; HR, hazard ratio; NA, not applicable; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
Incidence rate per 10 000 person-years.
Multivariable analysis including age, comorbidities (ie, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, COPD, chronic liver diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and hepatitis C), and use of statin, NSAID, or antihypertensive medications.
Multivariable analysis including age and comorbidities (ie, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, COPD, chronic liver diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and hepatitis C).
P < .01.
P < .001.
P < .05.