Table 1.
Main preclinical findings on antidepressant mechanisms of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
| Ref. | Model |
rTMS
|
Main findings | |||
|
Frequency (Hz)
|
Intensity (T)
|
Duration (d)
|
Coil size
|
|||
| Tian et al[21], 2020 | CUMS | 15 | 1.26 | 7 | Inner diameter 2.5 cm; outer diameter 5 cm (SD rats) | Regulation of Nrf2-induced anti-inflammatory effect in the hippocampus |
| Yang et al[42], 2019 | CUS | 1 | 20 mT | 14 | Not mentioned | Enhancement of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus |
| Xue et al[45], 2019 | CUS | 5 | 1.26 | 7 | Inner diameter 2.5 cm; outer diameter 5 cm (SD rats) | Activation of the ECS in the hippocampus |
| Zhao et al[49], 2018 | CUMS | 10 | 50% of the resting motor threshold | 15 | 5 cm in diameter (SD rats) | Decreasing the activity of the HPA axis |
| Heath et al[48], 2018 | OB | 10 | 50 mT | 20 | 8 mm in diameter (C57BL/6J mice) | Activation of the BDNF signaling pathway and pro-proliferative in the hippocampus |
| Fang et al[43], 2018 | CUMS | 15 | rTMS device maximum power | 7 | Not mentioned | Activation of the ECS in the hippocampus |
| Peng et al[68], 2017 | CUS | 5/10 | 0.84/1.26 | 7 | Inner diameter 2.5 cm; outer diameter 5 cm (SD rats) | Suppression of Sirt1/MAO-A signaling in the PFC |
| Chen et al[47], 2015 | CUS | 15 | 1.26 | 7 | Inner diameter 2.5 cm; outer diameter 5 cm (SD rats) | Activation of the BDNF signaling pathway and pro-proliferative in the hippocampus |
| Wang et al[44], 2014 | CUMS | 15 | rTMS device maximum power | 7 | Inner diameter 2.5 cm; outer diameter 5 cm (SD rats) | Activation of the ECS and BDNF signaling pathway in the hippocampus |
| Kim et al[78], 2014 | CUMS | 10 | 1.4 | 14 | 7 cm in diameter (SD rats) | Changing metabolic patterns in the brain |
| Feng et al[46], 2012 | CUMS | 15 | rTMS device maximum power | 21 | Inner diameter 5 cm; outer diameter 7 cm (SD rats) | Decreasing the activity of the HPA axis, and activation of BDNF signaling pathway in the hippocampus |
| Tasset et al[29], 2010 | OB | 60 | 0.7 mT | 14 | Not mentioned | Anti-oxidative stress effects |
BDNF: Brain derived neurotrophic factor; CUS: Chronic unpredictable stress; CUMS: Chronic unpredictable mild stress; ECS: Endocannabinoid system; HPA axis: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis; MAO-A: Monoamine oxidase A; Nrf2: Nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2; OB: Olfactory bulbectomy; PFC: Prefrontal cortex; rTMS: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; SD rats: Sprague Dawley rats; Sirt1: Sirtuin 1.