Table 3.
Characteristics of the Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor sublineages introduced into Europe, 1970–2011.
| Sublineage | Wavea | Location in Europe | Extension beyond Europe | AMR determinantsb | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VC_0715 | VC_A0637 | GI-15 | SXT/R391 element | gyrA | parC | ||||
| EUR1/AFR1 | 1 | Ukraine 1970 | Middle East | WT | WT | — | — | WT | WT |
| Slovakia 1970 | Whole of Africa | ||||||||
| Spain 1971 | |||||||||
| Portugal 1971, 1974–1975 | |||||||||
| Italy 1973 | |||||||||
| EUR2/AFR3 | 1 | Ukraine 1974 | Middle East | WT | WT | — | — | WT | WT |
| Eastern Africa | |||||||||
| EUR3/AFR4 | 1 | Romania 1977–1981 | Middle East | WT | WT | — | — | WT | WT |
| Eastern Africa | |||||||||
| EUR4/AFR6 | 2 | Romania 1987–1990 | Middle East | WT | WT | — | — | WT | WT |
| Eastern Africa | |||||||||
| EUR5 | Romania 1991 | None | R169C | Q5Stop | GI-15c | — | WT | WT | |
| EUR6/AFR8 | 2 | Romania 1993–1994 | Middle East | R169C | Q5Stop | GI-15c | ICEVchBan9d | WT | WT |
| Ukraine 1993–1995 | Northern Africa | ||||||||
| Moldova 1995 | Eastern Africa | ||||||||
| Albania 1994 | Southern Africa | ||||||||
| Italy 1994 | |||||||||
| EUR7 | 3 | Romania 1995 | None | R169C | Q5Stop | ICEVchInd5e | S83I | WT | |
| EUR8 | 3 | Ukraine 2011 | None | R169C | Q5Stop | ICEVchInd5 | S83I | S85L | |
AMR antimicrobial resistance, WT wild type, — absence.
aAccording to Mutreja et al.8.
bThese non-silent point mutations in chromosomal genes VC_0715 and VC_A0637, and gyrA and parC are associated with resistance to nitrofurans, and to quinolones, respectively; the GI-15 genomic island harbors the genes responsible for resistance to streptomycin (aadA-like) and sulfonamides (sul1); the ICEVchBan9/ICEVchMoz10 genomic island harbors the genes responsible for resistance to streptomycin (strAB), tetracycline (tetA), chloramphenicol (floR), sulfonamides (sul2), trimethoprim/vibriostatic agent O/129 (dfrA1), and cotrimoxazole (sul2 and dfrA1); the ICEVchInd5/ICEVchBan5 genomic island harbors the genes responsible for resistance to streptomycin (strAB), chloramphenicol (floR), sulfonamides (sul2), trimethoprim/vibriostatic agent O/129 (dfrA1), and cotrimoxazole (sul2 and dfrA1).
cGI-15 is absent in rare isolates.
dFrequent ICEVchBan9 internal deletion encompassing the strAB, tetA, floR, and sul2 genes.
eRare ICEVchInd5 internal deletion encompassing the strAB, floR, and sul2 genes.