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. 2020 Oct 22;10:18049. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-74264-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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3D reconstruction of bifurcation lumen from OCT. (a and b) Main vessel (MV) and side branch (SB) OCT frames at the carina. The carina location in each frame is indicated by a yellow arrow, (c) OCT frames “packaging” along the straight catheter centerline (L) shown in longitudinal and axial view, (d) Correction algorithm for OCT frame orientation errors. Two successive unmatched OCT frames are displayed. The catheter center (i.e., frame rotation center) is denoted by the green cross. The overlapping outside areas are hatched. The concept of the correction algorithm was to rotate two successive OCT frames around the catheter center (green cross) until they are aligned, and the outside frame overlap is minimal. When the outside overlap area exceeded a certain threshold, the script rotated the mismatched frames in 0.5° increments to minimize the overlapping area. (e) Illustration of the effect of the correction algorithm in a real patient case. After orientation correction, the significant gaps were eliminated, resulting in a continuous and smooth reconstructed model, (f) Positioning of the OCT frames on the bifurcation centerline with reference to carina points A and B on the MV and SB centerlines, respectively (SB frames are not shown to avoid overlapping). In the carina frame (blue), the direction from the catheter center to the carina location was set as reference direction (red arrow), (g) The carina OCT frame (blue) was positioned on the respective site along its centerline and rotated until its direction reference (red arrow) was aligned with the carina reference (orange point C). Then, all the rest of the OCT frames were simultaneously rotated by the same angle like the carina frame, (h) Reconstruction of the final 3D bifurcation model using T-spline. In the proximal MV, the shape of the reconstructed MV and SB were similar, but not exactly the same. Since OCT catheter pullback in MV is straighter than in SB, the proximal MV OCT frames were chosen to reconstruct the overlapping proximal MV segment.