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. 2020 Oct 22;10:18020. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-74798-z

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Identification of CLA⁺ cells in skin biopsies and epigenetic changes detected in circulating CD4⁺CLA⁺ T cells from AD patients that might contribute to skin inflammation. A representative immunohistochemistry staining of the distribution of CLA⁺ cells in skin biopsies from (a) a healthy control, (b) lesional skin from an AD patient, and (c), rat IgM used as isotype control. Scale bars represent 50 µm. (d) Circulating CD4⁺CLA⁺ T cells from AD patients (light blue cell) show significant differences in DNA methylation and miRNA levels compared to CD4⁺CLA⁺ T cells from HC (purple cell). The main differences were detected in the reduced DNA methylation of the IL13 gene, the increased expression of proinflammatory miRNAs and coordinated epigenetic changes in genes involved in protein ubiquitination and cytokine signaling in AD patients. Since these CD4⁺CLA⁺ T cells can recirculate between skin and blood²⁵, these altered epigenetic marks might contribute to AD immunopathology.