Figure 1.

Our microfluidic, continuous-flow electrotransfection device. (A) Scheme of our device. High-conductivity cell culture medium (RPMI in this study) is introduced into the sheath inlets, and low-conductivity electroporation medium (BTXpress in this study) with cells and transfection payload are introduced into the central cell inlet. As cells flow through the device, platinum electrodes in contact with the sheath streams are energized to deliver pulsed electric fields. (B) Photograph of our microfluidic electrotransfection device. (C) Scheme of the voltage waveform that is applied to the electrodes for transfection, with important parameters highlighted. In this study, monophasic square-wave pulse trains are applied with a peak voltage of ${\text{V}}_o$, a pulse duration of ${\tau }_{\text{pulse}}$, and a pulse frequency or repetition rate of f.