EVs	extracellular vesicles
MS	multiple sclerosis
RNAs	ribonucleic acids
CD	cluster of differentiation
mRNAs	messenger RNA
ncRNAs	non-coding RNAs
miRNAs	micro-RNA
MVEs	multivesicular endosomes
ESCRT	endosomal sorting complex required for transport
SMase	sphingomyelinase
MVs	microvesicles
T regs	regulatory T cells
EAAT2	excitatory amino acid transporter 2
GLT1CNS	glutamate transporter-1 central nervous system
RRMS	relapsing remitting MS
SPMS	secondary progressive multiple sclerosis
PPMS	primary progressive multiple sclerosis
CIS	clinically isolated syndrome
RIS	radiologically isolated syndrome
MOG	myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein
EAE	experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
BBB	blood–brain barrier
INF-γ	interferon-γ
IL-1β	interleukin 1β
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor-α
VCAM	vascular cell adhesion molecule
PECAM	platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule
MRI	magnetic resonance imaging
OPCs	oligodendroglial precursor cells
NG2	neural/glial antigen 2
OLGs	oligodendrocytes
MSC	mesenchymal stem cells
iNOS	inducible nitric oxide synthase
TMS	transcranial magnetic stimulation
GABA	gamma-aminobutyric acid
HC	healthy control
Gad+	gadolinium positive
PBMC	peripheral blood mononuclear cell
FGM	fingolimod
TEER	trans-endothelial electric resistance
VLA	very late antigen
Tconv	conventional T Cells
GAPDH	glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Iba-1	ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1
A-SMase	acid sphingo-myelinase
CB1	cannabinoid receptor type 1
S1P	sphingosine 1 phosphate
DCs	dendritic cells
NMDA	N-methyl-d-aspartate
AMPA	α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
siRNA	small interfering RNA
ICAM	intercellular adhesion molecule
ICOSL	inducible T cell costimulator ligand
PMS	progressive multiple sclerosis