Table 1.
The upregulation of the expression of RLR and non-RLR DExD/H-box RNA helicases induced by viral/bacterial infection or PAMPs stimulation in fish.
| Species | Cell Line/Tissue | Infection/Treatment | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| rig-I | |||
|
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) |
In vitro: TO cell line | salmon alphavirus subtype 3 (SAV-3), infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) | [59,60] |
| Ex vivo: erythrocytes | piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) | [61] | |
| In vivo: head kidney | infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) | [62] | |
|
Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) |
In vitro: CCO cells line | channel catfish virus (CCV) | [63] |
| In vivo: liver | Edwardsiella ictaluri | [63] | |
|
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) |
In vivo: spleen, head kidney, intestine | spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) | [64] |
|
Gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) |
In vivo: head kidney, spleen, liver | Carassius auratus herpesvirus (CaHV) | [65] |
|
Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) |
In vitro: CIK cell line | grass carp reovirus (GCRV), poly(I:C) | [66] |
| In vitro: primary trunk kidney cells | grass carp reovirus (GCRV), poly(I:C), LPS, PGN | [67] | |
| In vivo: spleen, liver, trunk kidney, hepatopancreas | grass carp reovirus (GCRV) | [66,67,68] | |
|
Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) |
In vivo: liver, spleen, kidney | poly(I:C), LPS, Aeromonas hydrophila | [69] |
| In vivo: liver, spleen, head kidney, skin, intestine, and gills | poly(I:C) | [70] | |
|
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
In vitro: ZF4 cell line | nervous necrosis virus (NNV), snakehead fish vesiculovirus (SHVV), spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), Edwardsiella tarda | [71,72,73] |
| In vivo: larvae | spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), poly(I:C) | [74,75] | |
| In vivo: visceral tissues | poly(I:C) | [76] | |
| In vivo: spleen, kidney | tilapia lake virus (TiLV) | [77] | |
| mda5 | |||
|
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) |
In vitro: TO cell line | salmon alphavirus subtype 3 (SAV-3), infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV), salmonid alphavirus | [59,60,78] |
| In vivo: head kidney | infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) | [62] | |
|
Black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) |
In vitro: MPF cell line | spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), grass carp Reovirus (GCRV), poly(I:C) | [79] |
| In vivo: heart, liver, spleen, kidney, intestine, skin, gill | grass carp reovirus (GCRV), spring viremia of carp virus SVCV | [79] | |
|
Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) |
In vitro: SISK cell line | poli (I:C), LPS, PGN | [80] |
| In vivo: spleen, kidney, gills, heart, liver, intestine | poli (I:C) | ||
| In vivo: gills, heart, kidney, liver, intestine | Vibrio alginolyticus | ||
| In vivo: gills, heart, kidney, liver, intestine | Staphylococcus aureus | ||
|
Barbel chub (Squaliobarbus curriculus) |
In vivo: liver | grass carp reovirus (GCRV) | [81] |
|
Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) |
In vitro: CCO cell line | channel catfish virus (CCV) | [63] |
| In vivo: liver | Edwardsiella ictaluri. | [63] | |
|
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) |
In vitro: peripheral blood leukocytes | poly(I:C) | [82] |
| In vivo: liver, spleen, head kidney, foregut, hindgut, gills, skin | poly(I:C), Aeromonas hydrophila | [82] | |
|
Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) |
In vitro: primarly trunk kidney cells | grass carp reovirus (GCRV), poly(I:C), LPS, PGN | [67] |
| In vivo: trunk kidney, spleen, liver, hepatopancreas | grass carp reovirus (GCRV) |
[67,68,83] | |
|
Green chromide (Etroplus suratensis) |
In vivo: spleen, kidney, liver, intestine, gills, heart | poly(I:C) | [84] |
|
Japanese flounder (Olive flounder) (Paralichthys olivaceus) |
In vitro: peripheral blood leukocytes, kidney leukocytes | poly(I:C), LPS |
[85] |
| In vivo: kidney | viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) | [85] | |
| In vitro: HINEA cell line | poly(I:C) | [86] | |
|
Mandrinfish (Siniperca chuatsi) |
In vivo: spleen, gills, head kidney | poly(I:C), LPS | [87] |
|
Orange-spotted groupers (Epinephelus coioides) |
In vivo: spleen | Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), poly(I:C) | [88] |
|
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) |
In vitro: RTG-2 cell line, RTS-11 cell lines | poly(I:C), recombinant trout IFN2 protein | [78] |
| In vivo: head kidney | viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) | [78] | |
|
Sea perch (Lateolabrax japonicas) |
In vitro: LJB cell line, LJF cell line | Poly(I:C), nervous necrosis virus (NNV) | [89] |
| In vivo: Spleen, kidney, eye, thymus, brain, intestine, muscle, gill, liver, heart | nervous necrosis virus (NNV) | ||
|
Large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) |
In vivo: peripheral blood, liver, spleen and head kidney | poly(I:C) | [90,91] |
|
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
In vitro: ZF4 cell line | spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), nervous necrosis virus (NNV), snakehead fish vesiculovirus (SHVV), Edwardsiella tarda | [71,72,92] |
| lgp2 | |||
|
Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) |
In vitro: SISK cell line | poly(I:C), LPS | [93] |
| In vivo: liver, spleen, kidney, gill, heart, intestine | poly(I:C), Vibrio alginolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus | [93] | |
|
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) |
In vitro: TO cell line | infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV), salmonid alphavirus (SAV) | [60,78] |
|
Atlantic cod
(Gadus morhua) |
In vivo: head kidney | infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) | [94] |
|
Black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) |
In vitro: MPF cell line | spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), grass carp reovirus (GCRV), poly(I:C) | [95] |
| In vivo: liver, spleen, kidney, intestine, heart, muscle, skin | spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), grass carp reovirus (GCRV) | [95] | |
|
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) |
In vivo: muscle, spleen, gill, brain, skin, heart, intestine, liver, head kidney | koi herpes virus (KHV) | [96] |
|
Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) |
In vitro: CCO cell line | channel catfish virus (CCV) | [63] |
| In vivo: liver | Edwardsiella ictaluri | [63] | |
| Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) | In vitro: EPC cell line | koi herpes virus, (KHV), poly(I:C) | [96] |
|
Gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) |
In vivo: head kidney, spleen, liver | Carassius auratus herpesvirus (CaHV) | [65] |
|
Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) |
In vitro: primary trunk kidney cells | grass carp reovirus (GCRV), poly(I:C), LPS, PGN | [67] |
| In vivo: trunk kidney, spleen, liver, hepatopancreas | grass carp reovirus (GCRV) | [58,67,68] | |
|
Indian major carp (Labeo rohita) |
In vitro: LRG cell line | poly(I:C), iE-DAP, MDP | [97] |
| In vivo: liver, spleen, kidney, blood, gill | poly (I:C), Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus subtilis | [97] | |
|
Japanese flounder (Olive flounder) (Paralichthys olivaceus) |
In vitro: leukocytes isolated from kidney | poly(I:C), LPS | [57] |
| In vivo: kidney | viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) | [57] | |
| In vitro: HINEA cell line | poly(I:C) | [86] | |
|
Large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) |
In vivo: peripheral blood, liver, spleen, head kidney | poly(I:C) | [91] |
|
Mandrinfish (Siniperca chuatsi) |
In vivo: spleen, gills, head kidney | poly(I:C), LPS | [87] |
|
Miiuy croaker (Miichthys miiuy) |
In vitro: macrophages In vivo: liver, spleen, kidney |
poly(I:C) | [98] |
|
Orange-spotted groupers (Epinephelus coioides) |
In vivo: spleen | Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), poly(I:C) | [99] |
|
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) |
In vitro: RTG-2 cell line, RTS-11 cell lines | poly(I:C), recombinant trout IFN2 protein | [78,100] |
| In vivo: head kidney | viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) | [78] | |
|
Sea perch (Lateolabrax japonicas) |
In vitro: LJF cell line, LJH cell line, LJB cell line | poly(I:C), nervous necrosis virus NNV | [101] |
| In vivo: liver, heart, intestines, gill, spleen, muscle, brain, kidney, thymus, eye | nervous necrosis virus (NNV) | [101] | |
|
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
In vitro: ZF4 and ZFL cell lines | poly(I:C), nervous necrosis virus (NNV), snakehead fish vesiculovirus (SHVV) | [71,72,102] |
| In vivo: gill, liver, spleen, head kidney, and body kidney | spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) | [102] | |
| ddx1 | |||
|
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) |
In vivo: head kidney | spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) | [103] |
|
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
In vivo: kidney, spleen | spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), chum salmon reovirus (CSV) | [103] |
| ddx3 | |||
| Orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) | In vitro: GS cell line | poly(I:C), red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus RGNNV) | [104] |
|
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) |
In vitro: RTG-2 cell line | poly(I:C) | [100] |
|
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
In vitro: ZF4 cell line | chum salmon reovirus (CSV) | [103] |
| dhx9 | |||
|
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) |
In vivo: head kidney | spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) | [103] |
|
Japanese medeka (Oryzias latipes) |
In vivo: spleen, kidney, intestine | CpG mixture, FKC of Edwardsiella tarda | [105] |
|
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) |
In vitro: RTG-2 cell line | poly(I:C) | [100] |
|
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
In vitro: ZF4 cell line | chum salmon reovirus (CSV) | [103] |
| In vivo: spleen | chum salmon reovirus (CSV) | [103] | |
| ddx21 | |||
|
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) |
In vivo: head kidney | spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) | [103] |
|
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
In vitro: ZF4 cell line | chum salmon reovirus (CSV) | [103] |
| dhx36 | |||
|
Japanese medeka (Oryzias latipes) |
In vivo: spleen, kidney, intestine | CpG-mixture, FKC of Edwardsiella tarda | [105] |
|
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
In vitro: ZF4 cell line | chum salmon reovirus (CSV) | [103] |
| In vivo: kidney | spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) | ||
| ddx41 | |||
|
Japanese flounder (Olive flounder) (Paralichthys olivaceus) |
In vitro: adherent (monocyte-like) and non-adherent (lymphocyte- enriched) cells | ranavirus | [106] |
| In vivo: spleen, kidney, liver, heart, gill | lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) | [106] | |
|
Orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) |
In vitro: GS cell line | Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) | [107] |
poly (I:C), polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; PGN, peptidoglycan; iE-DEP, γ-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid; MDP, muramyl dipeptide; CpG mixture, unmethylated CpG DNA motif; FKC of Edwardsiella tarda, formalin-killed cells of Edwardsiella tarda.