Table 1.

Summary of findings in the related work

Ref.	Feature Extraction	ML Model(s)	Sensor Type
[26]	Manual	DTs	Smartphone
[25]	Manual	DTs	Wearable
[31]	Manual	KNNs, HMMs, SVMs, RFs	Wearable
[32]	Manual	KNNs, DTs, NB, LR	Smartphone
[16,27]	Manual	SVMs	Smartphone
[30]	Manual	AHNs	Wearable
[28]	Manual	SVMs, KNNs	Ambient
[29]	Manual	RFs	wearable
[35]	Automated	CNNs	Smartphone
[11,19,20]	Automated	CNNs	Wearable
[36]	Automated	VRNNs, GRUs, LSTMS	No sensor (synthesized data)
[37,39]	Automated	LSTMs	Ambient
[40,41]	Automated	LSTMs	Wearable
[38]	Automated	CNNs, LSTMs	Ambient
Current paper	Automated	CNN-LSTMs, CNN-BiLSTMs, CNN-GRUs, CNN-BiGRUs	Wearable