Table 3.
Association (β, 95% CI) between anthocyanin intake (independent variable in SD units) and different lipid parameters (mg/dL) stratified by subgroups of low and high physical activity level.
| Lipid Profile | Anthocyanin Intake (Per SD) | |
|---|---|---|
| Low PA * (n = 95) | High PA * (n = 154) | |
| Triglycerides | ||
| Age, sex, and energy adjusted model (95% CI) | −8.47 (−22.38 to 5.45) | −8.95 (−19.64 to 1.74) |
| Multivariable adjusted model 1 (95% CI) a | −7.47 (−23.34 to 8.40) | −7.83 (−18.21 to 2.56) |
| Multivariable adjusted model 2 (95% CI) b | −11.29 (−27.19 to 4.61) | −6.57 (−18.32 to 5.19) |
| Total cholesterol | ||
| Age, sex, and energy adjusted model (95% CI) | −3.75 (−11.07 to 3.56) | −0.97 (−6.94 to 5.00) |
| Multivariable adjusted model 1 (95% CI) a | −2.34 (−10.62 to 5.95) | −1.94 (−7.97 to 4.09) |
| Multivariable adjusted model 2 (95% CI) b | −4.38 (−12.74 to 3.97) | 2.80 (−3.79 to 9.39) |
| HDL cholesterol | ||
| Age, sex, and energy adjusted model (95% CI) | 0.52 (−1.51 to 2.55) | 1.97 (0.25 to 3.69) |
| Multivariable adjusted model 1 (95% CI) a | 1.09 (−1.08 to 3.25) | 1.55 (−0.07 to 3.17) |
| Multivariable adjusted model 2 (95% CI) b | 0.83 (−1.39 to 3.05) | 1.73 (−0.10 to 3.57) |
| LDL cholesterol | ||
| Age, sex, and energy adjusted model (95% CI) | −2.16 (−8.61 to 4.30) | −1.31 (−6.59 to 3.97) |
| Multivariable adjusted model 1 (95% CI) a | −1.39 (−8.66 to 5.87) | −2.09 (−7.47 to 3.29) |
| Multivariable adjusted model 2 (95% CI) b | −2.66 (−10.17 to 4.86) | 2.16 (−3.72 to 8.04) |
| LDL:HDL | ||
| Age, sex, and energy adjusted model (95% CI) | −0.10 (−0.28 to 0.08) | −0.11 (−0.23 to 0.01 |
| Multivariable adjusted model 1 (95% CI) a | −0.12 (−0.32 to 0.08) | −0.11 (−0.23 to 0.02) |
| Multivariable adjusted model 2 (95% CI) b | −0.13 (−0.33 to 0.07) | −0.04 (−0.18 to 0.09) |
| TG:HDL | ||
| Age, sex, and energy adjusted model (95% CI) | −0.22 (−0.69 to 0.25) | −0.31 (−0.62 to 0.00) |
| Multivariable adjusted model 1 (95% CI) a | −0.23 (−0.75 to 0.30) | −0.27 (−0.57 to 0.03) |
| Multivariable adjusted model 2 (95% CI) b | −0.31 (−0.84 to 0.22) | −0.28 (−0.62 to 0.07) |
| Total cholesterol:HDL | ||
| Age, sex, and energy adjusted model (95% CI) | −0.16 (−0.37 to 0.06) | −0.17 (−0.32 to −0.01) |
| Multivariable adjusted model 1 (95% CI) a | −019 (−0.42 to 0.05) | −0.15 (−0.30 to 0.00) |
| Multivariable adjusted model 2 (95% CI) b | −0.21 (−0.44 to 0.03) | −0.09 (−0.26 to 0.08) |
Coefficients for triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol show the strength of the effect on mg/dL of lipid concentration per SD of anthocyanin intake, whereas coefficients for LDL:HDL, TG:HDL, and total cholesterol:HDL show the effect on the ratio of lipid concentrations per SD of anthocyanin intake. * Low PA ranged from none to regular recreation or work requiring modest physical activity, such as golf, horseback riding, calisthenics, gymnastics, table tennis, bowling, weight lifting, yard work (levels 0–3); High PA was defined as regularly participating in heavy physical exercise such as running or jogging, swimming, cycling, rowing, skipping rope, running in place or engaging in vigorous aerobic activity such as tennis, basketball, or handball (levels 4–7). a Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking status, education level, marital status, prevalent hypertension, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes. b Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, total energy intake, mMDS, smoking status, education level, marital status, multivitamin use, supplement use, sleep, prevalent hypertension, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes. CI: confidence intervals, HDL: high density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL: low density lipoprotein cholesterol, PA: physical activity, SD: standard deviation, TG: triglycerides.