Figure 3.

Histological staining of a venous limb of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) 30 days after establishment, and the comparison of lumen size among rats treated with different doses of BP. The thrombus and neointimal hyperplasia were indicated by a red arrow. (A) WT; (B) Sham; (C) 20 mg/kg-QD BP; (D) 50 mg/kg-QD BP; and (E) 50 mg/kg-BID BP. A significant reduction in thrombus and neointimal hyperplasia was observed in rats treated with BP. (F) Measurement of lumen size as reflected by the perimeter of the venous limb. Scale bar = 100 μm. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. n = 4 per group. * p < 0.05 versus sham.