Table 1.

Comparison among Novel Programmed Cell Death Pathways.

Type	Morphology	Activated/Increased Molecules	Inactivated/Decreased Molecules	Type of Cell Membrane Pores	References
Pyroptosis	Cell swelling Membrane blebbing Membrane pore Membrane rupture Pyroptosis bodies	NLRP3, ASC, Pro-caspase-1, and Gasdermin D	N/A	Gasdermin D-N-dependent	[90,91]
Necroptosis	Cell swelling Membrane pore Membrane rupture Necrotizing bodies Nucleus chromatin condensation	RIPK1, RIPK3 and MLKL	Caspase-8	MLKL-dependent	[92]
Ferroptosis	Membrane vacuolated Membrane rupture Membrane density increase Cytoplasm rounding-up	Iron accumulation Lipid reactive oxygen species	GPx-4, GSH, xCT	Lipid reactive oxygen species-dependent	[93]

Pyroptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis are novel programmed cell death pathways, which are likely new mechanisms and therapeutic targets for AMD. NLRP3: nod-like receptor protein 3. ASC: apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain; GSDMD: Gasdermin D; RIPK: receptor-interacting interacting protein kinase; MLKL: mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein; FADD: Fas associated via death domain; DMT1: divalent metal transporter 1; GSH: Glutathione; Cys: Cystine; xCT: cystine/glutamate antiporter; GPx-4: Glutathione peroxidase 4.