Table 1.

Commercially available peptide-based antibiotics.

Active Ingredient	Origin	Target Organism	Class	Mechanism of Action	Indication	Dosage	Route of Administration	Ref
Bacitracin	Bacteria (Bacillus subtilis)	Gram-positive bacteria	Cyclic peptide	Inhibits cell wall synthesis	Skin infections	500 units/g 500 units/g 5000 units/vial	Topical Ophthalmic Intramuscular	[74]
Dalbavancin	Teicoplanin derivative	Gram-positive bacteria	Lipoglycopeptide	Inhibits cell wall synthesis	Skin infections	1000 mg/vial	Intravenous	[75,76]
Daptomycin	Bacteria (Streptomyces roseosporus)	Gram-positive bacteria	Lipopeptide	Membrane lysis	Skin infections	500 mg/vial	Intravenous	[77]
Colistin	Bacteria (Bacillus polymyxa)	Gram-negative bacteria	Cyclic peptide	Membrane lysis	Multi drug-resistant gram-negative infections	150 mg/vial	Intravenous	[78,79]
Gramicidin D	Bacteria (Bacillus brevis)	Gram-positive bacteria, some gram-negative bacteria	Mix of three polypeptides	Membrane poration/lysis	Skin and eye infection	0.25 mg/mL 0.025 mg/mL	Topical Ophthalmic	[80]
Oritavancin	Vancomycin derivative	Gram-positive bacteria	Lipoglycopeptide	Membrane lysis and inhibits cell wall synthesis	Skin infections	800 mg/vial	Intravenous	[81]
Polymyxin B	Bacteria (Bacillus polymyxa)	Gram-negative bacteria	Polypeptide	Membrane lysis	Urinary tract and bloodstream infections	10,000 units/g 10,000 units/g 500,000 units/vial	Ophthalmic Topical Intravenous	[82]
Teicoplanin	Bacteria (Actinoplanes teichomyceticus)	Gram-positive bacteria	Glycopeptide	Inhibits cell wall synthesis	Serious gram-positive infections	400 mg/vial 400 mg/vial	Intramuscular Intravenous	[83]
Telavancin	Vancomycin derivative	Gram-positive bacteria	Lipoglycopeptide	Membrane lysis and inhibits cell wall synthesis	Skin infections	750 mg/vial	Intravenous	[84]
Vancomycin	Bacteria (Amycolatopsis orientalis)	Gram-positive bacteria	Glycopeptide	Inhibits cell wall synthesis	Serious gram-positive infections	250 mg 10 g/vial	Oral Intravenous	[85]