Table 2.

Peptide-based antimicrobial compounds in clinical trials.

Name	Origin	Target Organism	Class	Mechanism of Action	Indication	Dosage	Route of Administration	Ref
Phase 3
Dusquetide (IMX942, SGX942)	Rational drug design	p62 protein (sequestosome-1)	Synthetic peptide	Immune modulation	Oral complications of chemotherapy	1.5 mg/mL	Intravenous	NCT03237325
Iseganan (IB-367)	Protegrin analogue	Broad spectrum antibacterial	Synthetic peptide	Bacterial membrane disruption	Oral complications of radiation therapy, Ventilator-associated pneumonia	Undefined 9 mg	Oral rinse Inhalation	NCT00022373 NCT00118781
Mel4	Melimine analogue	Broad spectrum antibacterial	Synthetic chimeric peptide	Bacterial membrane disruption	Keratitis	Undefined	Ocular	ACTRN1261500072556
Murepavadin (POL7080)	Protegrin-1 synthetic mimic	Pseudomonas	Synthetic peptide	Bacterial membrane disruption via LptD binding	Ventilator-associated pneumonia	Undefined	Intravenous	NCT03409679
Omiganan (MX-226)	Indolicidin analogue	Broad spectrum antifungal, antibacterial	Synthetic peptide	Bacterial membrane disruption	Severe papulopustular rosacea	Undefined	Topical	NCT02576847
p2TA (AB103)	Rational drug design	CD28 receptor on T-helper 1 lymphocytes	Synthetic peptide	Immune modulation	Necrotizing soft tissue infections	0.5 mg/kg	Intravenous	NCT02469857
Pexiganan (MSI-78)	Magainin analogue	Broad spectrum antibacterial	Synthetic peptide	Bacterial membrane disruption	Diabetic foot ulcers	0.8% w/w	Topical	NCT01590758
Surotomycin (CB-183,315)	Daptomycin analogue	Gram-positive bacteria	Synthetic cyclic lipopeptide	Bacterial membrane disruption	Clostridium difficile infection	250 mg	Oral	NCT01597505
Talactoferrin (TLF, rhLF)	Lactoferrin analogue	Gastrointestinal epithelium	Synthetic glycoprotein	Immune modulation	Severe sepsis	100 mg/mL	Oral solution	NCT01273779
Phase 2
Brilacidin (PMX-30063)	Defensin mimetic	Broad spectrum antibacterial	Arylamide foldamer	Bacterial membrane disruption	Oral complications of radiation therapy	3 mg/mL	Oral rinse	NCT02324335
C16G2	Novispirin analogue	Streptococcus mutans	Synthetic peptide	Strain selective membrane disruption, intracellular targets	Dental caries	13.6 mg 9.2 mg	Oral varnish Oral strip	NCT03196219
DPK 060 (GKH17-WWW)	Human protein kininogen derivative	Broad spectrum antibacterial	Synthetic peptide	Bacterial membrane disruption	Acute otitis externa	2% w/w	Auricular	NCT01447017
EA-230	Human chorionic gonadotrophin hormone derivative	Proinflammatory immune pathway	Synthetic linear tetrapeptide	Immune modulation	Systemic inflammatory response syndrome	90 mg/kg	Intravenous	NCT03145220
Exeporfinium chloride (XF-73)	Dicationic porphyrin derivative	Broad spectrum antibacterial	Synthetic porphyrin	Bacterial membrane disruption	Staphylococcal infections	0.2% w/w	Nasal gel	NCT03915470
LL-37	Human cathelicidin LL-37	Antibacterial, antibiofilm	Cathelicidin	Bacterial membrane disruption, immune modulation	Diabetic foot ulcer	0.5 mg/mL	Topical	NCT04098562
Lytixar (LTX-109)	Host defense peptide derivative	Broad spectrum antibacterial	Synthetic Oligopeptide	Bacterial membrane disruption	Gram-positive skin infections	5% w/w	Topical	NCT01223222
Melimine	Melittin / protamine splice	Broad spectrum antibacterial	Synthetic chimeric peptide	Bacterial membrane disruption	Keratitis	Undefined	Ocular	ACTRN12613000369729
Novexatin (NP213)	Rational drug design	Antifungal	Synthetic, cyclic peptide	Bacterial membrane disruption	Fungal nail infection	10% w/w	Topical	NCT02933879
OP-145	Human cathelicidin LL-37 derivative	Broad spectrum antibacterial	Synthetic peptide	Bacterial membrane disruption	Chronic suppurative otitis media	0.5 mg/mL	Auricular	ISRCTN12149720
Opebacan (rBPI21, neuprex)	Human recombinant endotoxin-binding protein	Lipopolysaccharides/endotoxins of gram-negative bacteria	Synthetic peptide	Bacterial membrane disruption	Graft versus host disease	4 mg/kg	Intravenous	NCT00454155
PAC113 (Nal-P-113)	Histatin analogue	Broad spectrum antibacterial	Synthetic peptide	Bacterial membrane disruption, immune modulation, anti-biofilm	Oral candidiasis	0.15%	Oral rinse	NCT00659971
XOMA-629 (XMP-629)	Human recombinant endotoxin-binding protein	Lipopolysaccharides/endotoxins of gram-negative bacteria	Synthetic peptide	Bacterial membrane disruption	Bacterial skin infections	1% w/w	Topical	[96]
Phase 1
hLF1-11	Lactoferrin derivative	Broad spectrum antibacterial, antifungal	Synthetic peptide	Chelating agent, immune modulation	Staphylococcal bacteremia	0.5 mg	Intravenous	NCT00509847
WLBU2 (PLG0206)	Rationally designed	Broad spectrum antibacterial, antiviral	Synthetic peptide	Bacterial membrane disruption	Microbial infections	3 mg/kg	Intravenous	ACTRN12618001920280
Preclinical
Bac8c	Bactenecin derivative	Broad spectrum antibacterial	Synthetic peptide	Bacterial membrane disruption	Dental carries	MIC E. coli 6 μg/mL	Oral spray	[97,98,99]
Bacteriocin OR-7	Lactobacillus salivarius	Gram negative bacteria, campylobacter jejuni	Bacteriocin	Bacterial membrane disruption	Bacterial infections	MIC C. coli 0.5 μg/mL	Undefined	[100,101]
Buforin II	Bufo bufo gargarizans	Broad spectrum antibacterial	Bofurin I	Nucleic acid binding	A. baumannii infections E. coli infections	1 mg/kg 0.05 mg/mL	Intravenous Oral	[102,103,104,105]
CA(1-7)M(2-9)	Cecropin A/melittin splice	Broad spectrum antibacterial	Synthetic chimeric peptide	Bacterial membrane disruption	Bacterial infections	MIC A. baumannii 2 µg/mL	Undefined	[106,107]
Colicin E1	Escherichia coli H22	Antibacterial	Bacteriocin	Bacterial membrane disruption	Bacterial infections	MIC E. coli 1 µg/mL	Undefined	[108,109]
Demegel (D2A21)	Cecropin analogue	Antifungal, antibacterial	Synthetic peptide	Bacterial, fungal membrane disruption	Burn wounds	1.5% w/w	Topical	[110,111]
ETD151	Heliomycin analogue	Antifungal	Synthetic peptide	Fungal membrane disruption	Fungal infections	Undefined	Intravenous	[112]
HB-107	Cecropin B	Wound healing	Cecropin B fragment	Undefined, nonbacteriostatic	Wound infections	100 µg/mL	Topical	[113,114]
HB-50	Cecropin analogue	Broad spectrum antibacterial	Synthetic peptide	Bacterial membrane disruption	Wound infections	1%	Topical	[110,115]
HB1345	Rational design	Broad spectrum antibacterial, anti-inflammatory	Synthetic lipohexapeptide	Bacterial membrane disruption	Skin infections, acne	MIC P. acnes 1 µg/mL	Topical	[116,117]
IDR-1002	Bactenecin derivative	Staphylococcus aureus	Synthetic peptide	Immune modulation	P. aeruginosa lung infections	50 µM	Intratracheal	[118,119]
Lactocin 160	Lactobacillus rhamnosus	Antibacterial, Gardnerella vaginalis	Bacteriocin	Bacterial membrane disruption	Bacterial vaginosis	10 mg/mL	Intravaginal	[120]
Nisin A	Lactococcus lactis	Antibacterial, spermicidal contraceptive	Type A lantibiotic, bacteriocin	Bacterial membrane disruption	Bacterial infections	8 µg/mL	Undefined	[121,122]
Novarifyn (NP432)	Rationally designed	Broad spectrum antibacterial	Synthetic peptide	Bacterial membrane disruption	Bacterial infections	Undefined	Topical	[123,124]
Pediocin PA-1	Pediococcus acidilactici UL5	Antibacterial	Bacteriocin	Bacterial membrane disruption	Bacterial infections	1.8 nM	Undefined	[125,126]
Planosporicin	Planomonospora	Gram-positive bacteria	Lantibiotic	Inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis	Methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections	MIC S. aureus 2 µg/mL	Undefined	[127,128]
Ruminococcin C	Ruminococcus gnavus	Anti-clostridial	Bacteriocin	Bacterial membrane disruption	Gastrointestinal infections	1.2 µM	Oral	[129,130,131]
SB006 (M6)	Rational design	Gram-negative bacteria	Synthetic peptide	Bacterial membrane disruption	Bacterial infections	4 µg/mL	Undefined	[132]
Syphaxin (SPX1-22)	Leptodactylus syphax	Broad spectrum antibacterial	Ocellatin-S1	Bacterial membrane disruption	Bacterial infections	MIC S. aureus 64 µg/mL	Undefined	[133]
Temporin10a	Rana ornativentris	Gram-positive bacteria	Temporin	Bacterial membrane disruption	Bacterial infections	MIC S. aureus 2 µM	Undefined	[134]