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. 2020 Oct 2;21(19):7302. doi: 10.3390/ijms21197302

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The complex neuroendocrine–immune pathways leading to a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases in anorexia nervosa. HPA, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal; HPT, hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid; HPG, hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal; GH, growth hormone; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone; ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; T3, triiodothyronine; GnRH, gonadotropin-releasing hormone; LH, luteinizing hormone; PYY, peptide YY; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor α; IL-6, interleukin 6; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; AN, anorexia nervosa; up-arrow, increased levels; down-arrow, decreased levels.