Table 1.

Chemokines and other factors that affect OS metastasis in the bone microenvironment.

Factor	Source	Pathway	Target	In Vitro or In Vivo	References
CXCL1 (GRO-α)	MSCs	NF-κB pathway in MSCs	OS cells	In vitro	[31]
	OS cells	Trans-differentiate into cancer-associated fibroblasts in MSCs	MSCs	In vitro	[32]
	cancer-associated fibroblasts	MAT in OS cells	OS cells	In vitro	[32]
CXCL5	MSCs	NF-κB pathway in MSCs	OS cells	In vitro	[31]
IL-6	MSCs	IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway in OS cells	OS cells	In vitro and in vivo	[33]
	MSCs	NF-κB pathway in MSCs	OS cells	In vitro	[31]
	cancer-associated fibroblasts	MAT in OS cells	OS cells	In vitro	[32]
IL-8	MSCs	NF-κB pathway in MSCs	OS cells	In vitro	[31]
	MSCs and OS cells	IL-8/CXCR1/Akt signaling pathway, MAT	OS cells	In vitro and in vivo	[34]
	MSCs, cancer-associated fibroblasts	MAT in OS cells	OS cells	In vitro	[32]
CXCL12	MSCs	CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7	OS cells	In vitro	[27,35]
CCL2 (MCP-1)	OS cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts	MAT in OS cells	OS cells	In vitro	[32]
CCL5	MSCs	NF-κB pathway in MSCs	OS cells	In vitro	[31]
Lactate	MSCs	metabolic reprogramming OS cells	OS cells	In vitro	[30]
BMP-2	MSCs	NF-κB pathway in MSCs	OS cells	In vitro	[31]
NF-κB1, RelA, RelB	MSCs	NF-κB pathway in MSCs	OS cells	In vitro	[31]
CSF2/GM-CSF	MSCs	NF-κB pathway in MSCs	OS cells	In vitro	[31]
CSF3/G-CSF	MSCs	NF-κB pathway in MSCs	OS cells	In vitro	[31]
TGF-β	OS extracellular vesicle	IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway in OS	MSCs	In vitro and in vivo	[32,33]
has-mir-195	MSCs extracellular vesicle	FAK/PTK2 in OS	OS cells	In vitro	[36]
has-mir-124	MSCs extracellular vesicle	Has-mir-124/Rac1	OS cells	In vitro	[36,37]