Figure 1.

Schematic diagram of the human brain. Several areas of the brain are adversely affected in Parkinson’s disease (PD). For example, the substantia nigra exhibits a profound loss of dopaminergic neurons and altered levels of reduced iron, likely as a result of increased oxidative stress. As the disease progresses, other areas of the brain develop lesions, including the dorsal motor nucleus, neocortex, prefrontal cortex, locus coeruleus, amygdala, and more (see text for further details).