3D	three-dimensional
α-SMA	alpha-smooth muscle actin
ALKs	activin-like kinases
AMD	age-related macular degeneration
Angpt1	Angiopoietin 1
A-V	arterial-venous
BBB	blood-brain barrier
BM	bone marrow
BMP	bone morphogenetic proteins
BMPRs	BMP receptors
BRB	blood-retinal barrier
CTGF	connective tissue growth factor
CNS	central nervous system
DR	diabetic retinopathy
ECM	extracellular matrix
ECs	endothelial cells
ESCs	embryonic stem cells
FGF	fibroblast growth factor
G6PD	glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
HIF	hypoxia-inducible factor
HRECs	human retinal endothelial cells
IPL	inner plexiform layer
iPSCs	induced pluripotent stem cells
NFL	nerve fiber layer
NVU	neurovascular unit
OPL	outer plexiform layer
OIR	oxygen induced retinopathy
PCs	pericytes
PDGFB	palate-derived growth factor subunit B
PDGFR-β	platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta
PFKFB3	6-Phosphofructo-2-Kinase/Fructose-2,6-Biphosphatase 3
PlGF or PGF	placental growth factor
PPP	pentose phosphate pathway
ROP	retinopathy of prematurity
RVO	retinal vein occlusion
S1P	Sphingosine-1-phosphage
Sem3A	semaphoring3A
TGF-β	transforming growth factor-beta
TGFBRs	TGF-β receptors
VSMCs	vascular smooth muscle cell
VEGF	vascular endothelial growth factor
ZEB1	zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1