Table 2.

Differential metabolic pathways that may involve in vitiligo pathogenesis.

Pathways	Possible involved function	References
Vitiligo patients V.S. healthy controls
biopterin metabolism	Oxidative stress Melanin biosynthesis	30–32
Vitamin B9 (folate) metabolism	Melanocyte destruction Oxidative stress Interleukin 6 production Tyrosinase inhibition Triggering autoimmunity and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation	33–36
Selenoamino acid metabolism	Oxidative stress	37,38
Methionine and cysteine metabolism	Oxidative stress	37,38
Active vitiligo self-control cohort
Linoleate metabolism	Immune modulation and response Alter membrane fluidity Change activities of antigen Receptors	39–41
Leukotriene metabolism	Melanocyte migration	42
Alkaloid biosynthesis	Promote melanocyte proliferation stimulate repigmentation	7,43
Tyrosine metabolism	Melanin synthesis