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The role of leptin in renal cell cancer development and progression. Akt, protein kinase B; IL-6, interleukin-6; JAK, Janus kinase; MAPK/ERK, mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; Ob-RI, leptin or obesity receptor; PI-3K, phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor-α; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.
