Table 2.
Univariate correlations with GDF15 in the entire study population and multivariate regression analysis between GDF15 (lg; dependent variable) and age, group, gender, WHR (lg), SBP (lg), HbA1c (lg), HDL cholesterol (lg), LDL cholesterol, TG (lg), eGFR (lg), as well as CRP (lg). Non-normally distributed variables were logarithmically transformed (lg) prior to multivariate testing. r- and p-values, as well as standardized β-coefficients and p-values, are given, respectively. Abbreviations are indicated in Table 1. * indicates significant correlation as assessed by Spearman’s correlation method. † indicates significant correlation in multivariate analysis.
| Parameter | Univariate Correlations | Multivariate Regression Analysis | |
|---|---|---|---|
| r/p | β | p | |
| Age (years) | 0.494/<0.001 * | 0.177 | 0.043 † |
| Group (LD vs. Non-LD) | - | 0.228 | 0.017 † |
| Gender | - | 0.005 | 0.943 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.275/0.002 * | - | - |
| WHR | 0.573/<0.001 * | 0.079 | 0.404 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 0.265/0.003 * | -0.099 | 0.143 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 0.153/0.095 | - | - |
| HbA1c (%) | 0.588/<0.001 * | - | - |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 0.599/<0.001 * | 0.225 | 0.005 † |
| FG (mmol/L) | 0.381/<0.001 * | - | - |
| FI (pmol/L) | 0.389/<0.001 * | - | - |
| HOMA-IR | 0.451/<0.001 * | - | - |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 0.003/0.974 | - | - |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | −0.408/<0.001 * | 0.085 | 0.450 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | −0.392/<0.001 * | ||
| TG (mmol/L) | 0.572/<0.001 * | 0.323 | 0.004 † |
| FFA (mmol/L) | 0.179/0.056 | - | - |
| Creatinine (µmol/L) | 0.034/0.715 | - | - |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | −0.277/0.002 * | −0.345 | <0.001 † |
| CRP (mg/L) | 0.291/0.001 * | 0.152 | 0.023 † |
| Adiponectin (mg/L) | −0.263/0.004 * | - | - |
| Leptin (µg/L) | −0.198/0.030 * | - | - |
| FGF21 (pg/mL) | 0.560/<0.001 * | - | - |
| Smoking | 0.245/0.007 * | - | - |
| Metformin | 0.493/<0.001 * | - | - |