Table 5.
The effect of Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) on the extraction model parameters, total phenolic content (TPC), antiradical capacity, selectivity, rosmarinic acid, total flavonoids, and total phenolic diterpenes (sum of carnosic acid plus carnosol) recovered after 70 min of extraction by using different solvents.
| Measured Parameter | 60% Ethanol | 60% Acetone | 80% Acetone | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agitation | UAE | Agitation | UAE | Agitation | UAE | |
| kfast (min−1) | 0.029 ± 0.003 | 0.142 ± 0.011 | 0.042 ± 0.003 | 0.077 ± 0.008 | 0.021 ± 0.003 | 0.059 ± 0.008 |
| kslow (min−1) | 0.012 ± 0.002 | 0.043 ± 0.003 | 0.018 ± 0.002 | 0.027 ± 0.008 | 0.008 ± 0.001 | 0.020 ± 0.005 |
| TPC (mg GAE/gdw) | 59.3 ± 1.5 | 77.5 ± 1.2 | 68.2 ± 1.0 | 73.4 ± 0.7 | 51.5 ± 0.1 | 67.5 ± 0.4 |
| Antiradical capacity (mg GAE/gdw) | 23.9 ± 1.4 | 37.8 ± 1.1 | 27.9 ± 1.0 | 34.4 ± 0.9 | 23.1± 1.1 | 28.7 ± 1.0 |
| Selectivity % | 23.0 | 29.9 | 27.4 | 26.8 | 22.7 | 28.1 |
| Rosmarinic acid (mg/gdw) | 10.1 ± 0.6 | 16.0 ± 0.8 | 13.5 ± 0.5 | 16.6 ± 0.4 | 10.0 ± 0.8 | 14.1 ± 0.7 |
| Total flavonoids (mg Que */gdw) | 11.8 ± 0.4 | 16.1 ± 0.3 | 16.8 ± 0.7 | 14.9 ± 0.7 | 12.2 ± 0.4 | 11.6 ± 0.6 |
| Carnosic acid (mg/gdw) | 24.2 ± 0.6 | 29.1 ± 0.9 | 19.4 ± 0.4 | 23.0 ± 0.8 | 23.8 ± 0.4 | 27.5 ± 0.6 |
| Carnosol (mg CA */gdw) | 10.5 ± 0.5 | 16.1 ± 0.7 | 14.7 ± 0.3 | 10.9 ± 0.6 | 13.8 ± 1.0 | 15.5 ± 0.5 |
| Total phenolic diterpenes (mg/gdw) | 33.1 ± 0.8 | 47.4 ± 1.1 | 35.7 ± 1.0 | 38.8 ± 0.9 | 39.3 ± 1.3 | 45.0 ± 1.1 |
* Que: quercetin equivalents, CA: carnosic acid equivalents.