Table 1.

Clinical presentation, diagnostics, treatment and outcomes of confirmed cases of oesophageal mucormycosis^5–10

Study	Age (years)	Sex	Predisposing condition	Additional sites of involvement	Presentation	Antifungal prophylaxis	Imaging	Diagnosis	Medical treatment	Surgical treatment	Outcome
Lee et al9	51	M	AML	Bronchus	Fever and cough with neutropenia	Caspofungin	CT scan revealed extensive necrotising right-sided pneumonia and was suspicious for broncho-oesophageal fistula	Flexible bronchoscopy Fungal culture revealed Mucor sp OGD revealed large linear defect of the oesophageal wall that perhaps connected with the bronchus	LAMB	–	Died on the day of diagnosis due to haemoptysis
Mezhir et al5	50	M	HCV, ESRD and polysubstance use	Stomach and liver	Abdominal pain and haematemesis	None	Abdominal X-ray revealed pneumoperitoneum CT scan revealed cystic lesion in the right lobe of liver	OGD revealed numerous necrotic lower oesophageal and gastric ulcers Fungal culture revealed Mucor sp	Initial: LAMB (5 mg/kg/day)+oral AMB (50 mg/day) Successful treatment: LAMB +posaconazole (200 mg every 6 hours) Maintenance: oral posaconaole (400 mg every 12 hours) for 1 year	–	Resolution on serial CT scan at 1, 2, 7 and 12 months
Boatright et al6	63	M	TIIDM and APML	None	Dysphagia	None	None	OGD of distal oesophagus revealed circumferential wall thickening and black discoloration Fungal culture revealed Mucor sp	LAMB, echinocandins, fluconazole and broad-spectrum antibiotics	–	Died 24 days after diagnosis (cause of death not documented)
Gani et al8	79	M	ESRD s/p deceased donor kidney transplant on immunosuppression, TIIDM	Stomach	Dysphagia and odynophagia	None	None	OGD revealed oesophagitis Fungal culture revealed Rhizopus sp	Isavuconazole: initial 372 mg every 8 hours then indefinite 372 mg once a day	–	Repeat OGD post-operative day 20 revealed partial resolution Remained asymptomatic at 6-month follow-up
Kraft10	55	M	Myeloid leukaemia	None	Fever, dysphagia and neutropenia	Posaconazole	CT scan revealed thickened oesophageal wall with signs of mediastinitis	Oesophagectomy Fungal culture revealed Rhizopus sp	LAMB	Oesophagectomy with salivary fistula	Died 5 days after surgery due to multiorgan dysfunction
Raviraj et al7	19	W	Haemolytic uremic syndrome	Stomach	Fever, haematemesis and melena	None	CT scan revealed leakage from large gastric ulcer	OGD revealed large bleeding ulcer over the oesophagus and stomach Fungal culture revealed Mucor sp	LAMB +posaconazole for 8 weeks and 2 weeks, respectively	Partial gastrectomy	Resolution on OGD at 3-month follow-up
Present case	60	M	AML	Stomach	Fever, odynophagia and neutropenia	Voriconazole	CT scan revealed oesophageal wall thickening consistent with severe oesophagitis	OGD revealed severe circumferential oesophagitis PCR testing revealed Rhizopus microsporus	LAMB for 55 days followed by maintenance posaconazole		Resolution on repeat OGD at 27 days after diagnosis

AML, acute myeloid leukaemia; APML, acute promyelocytic leukaemia; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; HCV, hepatitis C; LAMB, liposomal amphotericin B; M, man; OGD, oesophagogastroduodenoscopy; TIIDM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; W, woman.