Table 5.
Regression Results from Multinomial Regression Models Presenting Relative Risk Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals for Feeling Depressed and Feeling Anxiety by Sex in the WHO-SAGE Study (2007–2010)
| Feel depressed |
Feel anxiety |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
|||||
| Mild–moderate | Severe–extreme | Mild–moderate | Severe–extreme | Mild–moderate | Severe–extreme | Mild–moderate | Severe–extreme | |
| Caregiving status: no illness | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Respondent not main caregiver | 1.05 (0.6–1.8) | 1.02 (0.47–2.19) | 1.08 (0.47–2.49) | 2.08 (0.97–4.45) | 0.86 (0.51–1.45) | 0.88 (0.38–2.009) | 1.01 (0.46–2.19) | 1.21 (0.57–2.57) |
| Respondent main caregiver | 1.40 (0.96–2.04) | 2.29 (0.75–6.96) | 1.18 (0.84–1.66) | 1.86*(1.28–2.69) | 1.80*(1.20–2.69) | 2.22*(1.07–4.58) | 1.64*(1.22–2.22) | 1.44 (0.99–2.07) |
| Education | ||||||||
| No formal schooling | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Primary completed | 1.03 (0.74–1.43) | 0.60 (0.32–1.11) | 0.96 (0.8–1.17) | 0.90 (0.63–1.28) | 0.92 (0.66–1.29) | 0.83 (0.50–1.38) | 0.84 (0.68–1.04) | 0.76 (0.56–1.03) |
| Secondary completed | 0.7*(0.50–0.97) | 0.74 (0.35–1.56) | 0.78 (0.61–1.01) | 0.61*(0.38–0.98) | 0.82 (0.59–1.14) | 0.74 (0.43–1.25) | 0.70*(0.55–0.90) | 0.62*(0.42–0.91) |
| College or above | 0.78 (0.5–1.23) | 0.41 (0.13–1.32) | 0.62*(0.43–0.90) | 0.17*(0.07–0.41) | 0.95 (0.60–1.51) | 0.71 (0.34–1.49) | 0.49*(0.33–0.74) | 0.13*(0.06–0.26) |
| Ever worked | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No | 0.75 (0.41–1.64) | 1.24 (0.40–3.84) | 0.76*(0.64–0.91) | 0.87 (0.62–1.23) | 0.86 (0.46–1.62) | 1.31 (0.56–3.05) | 0.80*(0.66–0.96) | 0.94 (0.71–1.25) |
| Age (in years) | ||||||||
| 18–49 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 50+ | 1.99*(1.59–2.5) | 3.26*(2.0–5.29) | 1.48*(1.19–1.85) | 1.47*(1.09–1.99) | 1.71*(1.35–2.18) | 3.08*(2.19–4.34) | 1.43*(1.10–1.84) | 1.49*(1.13–1.96) |
| Residence | ||||||||
| Rural | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Urban | 0.69*(0.53–0.91) | 0.95 (0.5–1.81) | 0.79 (0.61–1.04) | 0.87 (0.56–1.37) | 0.69*(0.52–0.91) | 0.75 (0.41–1.36) | 0.90 (0.69–1.17)) | 1.10 (0.70–1.72) |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Never married | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Currently married | 1.04 (0.66–1.64) | 1.31 (0.40–4.25) | 1.68*(1.18–2.39) | 3.0*(1.41–6.35) | 1.61*(1.06–2.42) | 1.55 (0.70–3.44) | 1.75*(1.27–2.42) | 4.49*(2.24–9.0) |
| Separated–widowed | 1.68 (0.88–3.19) | 3.13 (0.81–11.9) | 2.95*(1.99–4.37) | 10.9*(4.9–24.5) | 2.14*(1.14–3.99) | 3.49*(1.12–10.8) | 2.55*(1.72–3.76) | 12.6*(5.7–27.9) |
| Social connectedness: high | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Med | 0.93 (0.70–1.22) | 0.75 (0.38–1.47) | 0.70*(0.55–0.90) | 0.53*(0.30–0.93) | 0.83 (0.61–1.14) | 0.97 (0.58–1.63) | 0.78 (0.59–1.03) | 0.60 (0.38–0.94) |
| Low | 1.41*(1.02–1.96) | 2.44*(1.24–4.79) | 0.89 (0.66–1.14) | 0.79 (0.45–1.50) | 1.20 (0.85–1.69) | 2.63*(1.49–4.63) | 1.009 (0.77–1.31) | 0.89 (0.57–1.38) |
Estimates were weighted. RRRs adjusted for income and country. Reference category is None.
*
and values in bold indicates p < 0.05.
RRRs, relative risk ratios.