Table 3a.

Mean Frequencies (Standard Errors) of Mothers’ Language Use

Maternal language measure	Culture		F value	Child Gender		F value	Interaction F value
	American n = 21	Thai n = 21		Boys n = 21	Girls n = 21
Label	0.37 (0.09)	0.05 (0.02)	13.43***	0.16 (0.05)	0.21 (0.09)	1.78	2.13
Description	0.92 (0.11)	0.60 (0.07)	5.78*	0.89 (0.10)	0.63 (0.09)	3.65†	3.34†
Open-ended question	3.96 (0.30)	6.27 (0.45)	18.13***	4.77 (0.45)	5.46 (0.46)	1.19	0.86
Closed-ended question	5.77 (0.26)	5.91 (0.29)	0.13	5.77 (0.31)	5.91 (0.23)	0.12	2.95†
Reframe	0.07 (0.02)	0.04 (0.01)	3.68†	0.04 (0.02)	0.07 (0.02)	2.00	0.25
Affirmation	1.45 (0.14)	0.39 (0.09)	36.95***	0.90 (0.19)	0.93 (0.15)	0.22	0.53
Repetition	2.03 (0.21)	1.94 (0.21)	0.13	1.77 (0.18)	2.19 (0.22)	2.03	0.02
Request for repetition	0.14 (0.03)	0.26 (0.04)	4.96*	0.20 (0.04)	0.21 (0.04)	0.08	0.23
Expansion	0.16 (0.03)	0.15 (0.03)	0.06	0.17 (0.03)	0.14 (0.03)	0.20	0.002
Extension	0.18 (0.03)	0.04 (0.01)	24.02***	0.09 (0.02)	0.12 (0.03)	2.05	5.11*
Recast	0.30 (0.04)	0.07 (0.02)	28.60***	0.20 (0.04)	0.17 (0.04)	0.27	0.87
Direct action request	0.72 (0.16)	0.81 (0.09)	0.27	0.78 (0.12)	0.75 (0.14)	0.04	1.00
Indirect action request	0.29 (0.05)	0.63 (0.08)	14.26***	0.51 (0.09)	0.41 (0.07)	1.84	3.82
Attention directive	0.003 (0.002)	0.03 (0.01)	5.34*	0.03 (0.01)	0.01 (0.004)	3.73†	3.83†
Positive feedback	0.46 (0.08)	0.13 (0.03)	15.20***	0.32 (0.08)	0.26 (0.05)	0.21	1.58
Negative feedback	0.76 (0.10)	0.36 (0.04)	13.84***	0.49 (0.07)	0.63 (0.10)	2.09	1.58
Total utterances	330.42 (23.24)	266.43 (25.45)	3.41†	290.18 (26.57)	306.67 (24.03)	0.31	0.22
Total words	1847.33 (110.38)	1960.34 (152.88)	0.39	1970.04 (136.00)	1837.62 (130.16)	0.52	0.03

Note.

^†p < .10

^*p < .05

^***p < .001.