Table 3b.

Mean Frequencies (Standard Errors) of Child Language Use

Child language measure	Culture		F value	Child Gender		F value	Interaction F value
	American n = 21	Thai n = 21		Boys n = 21	Girls n = 21
Label	0.83 (0.29)	0.02 (0.01)	8.13**	0.29 (0.16)	0.56 (0.27)	1.10	0.97
Description	1.73 (0.19)	1.68 (0.19)	0.02	1.76 (0.19)	1.65 (0.19)	0.14	1.98
Open-ended question	0.79 (0.13)	0.94 (0.17)	0.69	0.99 (0.17)	0.74 (0.12)	1.73	8.31**
Closed-ended question	1.04 (0.12)	0.55 (0.14)	6.60*	0.83 (0.14)	0.76 (0.15)	0.07	0.003
Reframe	0.02 (0.01)	0 (0)	3.02	0.01 (0.01)	0.01 (0.01)	0.13	0.13
Affirmation	0.54 (0.09)	0.20 (0.05)	15.30***	0.23 (0.05)	0.51 (0.10)	11.11**	5.62*
Repetition	0.68 (0.12)	1.00 (0.18)	2.23	0.85 (0.17)	0.82 (0.14)	0.05	2.79
Request for repetition	0.10 (0.03)	0.07 (0.03)	0.78	0.12 (0.03)	0.05 (0.03)	3.44	1.67
Expansion	0.02 (0.01)	0.02 (0.01)	0.33	0.02 (0.01)	0.02 (0.01)	0	1.08
Extension	0.02 (0.01)	0.02 (0.01)	0.03	0.01 (0.01)	0.02 (0.01)	0.23	0.35
Recast	0.01 (0.01)	0 (0)	1.55	0.01 (0.01)	0 (0)	1.55	1.55
Direct action request	0.35 (0.08)	0.05 (0.02)	12.49**	0.24 (0.07)	0.16 (0.07)	0.50	0.05
Indirect action request	0.16 (0.05)	0.11 (0.03)	0.70	0.11 (0.03)	0.15 (0.05)	0.64	3.17†
Attention directive	0.03 (0.01)	0.05 (0.02)	0.30	0.04 (0.02)	0.03 (0.02)	0.21	0.19
Positive feedback	0.02 (0.02)	0.10 (0.04)	2.86	0.03 (0.02)	0.09 (0.04)	2.12	0.93
Negative feedback	0.62 (0.10)	0.34 (0.06)	5.44*	0.50 (0.08)	0.46 (0.09)	0.05	0.75
Total utterances	219.48 (18.65)	193.43 (22.61)	0.84	193.41 (21.64)	219.50 (19.77)	0.85	0.01
Total words	829.80 (65.15)	916.80 (137.58)	0.27	795.07 (101.17)	951.53 (111.87)	0.99	0.35

Note.

^†p < .10

^*p < .05

^**p < .01

^***p < .001.