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. 2020 Oct 20;8:e10136. doi: 10.7717/peerj.10136

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©2020 Zou et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.

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Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) activates various signaling pathways that cooperate to cause EMT. Besides canonical SMAD-dependent signaling, TGF-β can activate the Rho, PI3K/AKT, ERK MAPK, p38 MAPK, JUN N-terminal kinase (JNK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways.