Table 1.
Characteristics and pre-hospital and in-hospital treatments of smokers and non-smokers with ACS.
| Smokers (N = 37,750) | Non-smokers (N = 54,759) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), years | 59.1 (11.8) | 66.6 (11.9) | <0.001 |
| Women, % (n/N) | 5.1 (1,937/37,750) | 40.5 (22,201/54,759) | <0.001 |
| Vital signs | |||
| SBP levels, mean (SD), mmHg | 128.5 (23.0) | 132.2 (23.7) | <0.001 |
| DBP levels, mean (SD), mmHg | 78.6 (14.6) | 78.1 (14.2) | <0.001 |
| Heart rates, mean (SD), bpm | 76.8 (15.8) | 78.0 (16.6) | <0.001 |
| Risk factors | |||
| Hypertension, % (n/N) | 60.1 (22,703/37,750) | 70.1 (38,375/54,759) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, % (n/N) | 40.0 (15,097/37,750) | 47.9 (26,208/54,759) | <0.001 |
| Elevated LDL-C, % (n/N) | 54.2 (20,473/37,750) | 51.2 (28,029/54,759) | <0.001 |
| Low HDL-C, % (n/N) | 49.3 (18,608/37,750) | 40.3 (22,086/54,759) | <0.001 |
| Elevated TG, % (n/N) | 23.6 (8,902/37,750) | 20.0 (1,0957/54,759) | <0.001 |
| History of diseases | |||
| ACS, % (n/N) | 9.1 (3,427/37,750) | 13.3 (7,299/54,759) | <0.001 |
| Heart failure, % (n/N) | 1.1 (398/37,750) | 3.1 (1,672/54,759) | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation, % (n/N) | 1.3 (501/37,750) | 3.2 (1,728/54,759) | <0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, % (n/N) | 7.1 (2,685/37,750) | 10.4 (5,702/54,759) | <0.001 |
| Family history of CHD, % (n/N) | 3.6 (1,341/37,750) | 2.1 (1,140/54,759) | <0.001 |
| Critical cardiac symptoms at admission, % (n/N) | 8.3 (3,144/37,750) | 10.2 (5,576/54,759) | <0.001 |
| Killip class, % (n/N) | <0.001 | ||
| II–III | 20.4 (7,710/37,750) | 24.7 (13,509/54,759) | |
| IV | 4.2 (1,600/37,750) | 5.0 (2,760/54,759) | |
| Substantially elevated myocardial injury markers, % (n/N) | 86.1 (32,510/37,750) | 83.0 (45,468/54,759) | <0.001 |
| ACS type | <0.001 | ||
| STEMI, % (n/N) | 67.8 (25,589/37,750) | 54.8 (29,986/54,759) | |
| NSTE-ACS, % (n/N) | 32.2 (12,161/37,750) | 45.2 (24,773/54,759) | |
| Renal insufficiency, % (n/N) | 44.6 (16,844/37,750) | 61.4 (33,610/54,759) | <0.001 |
| Triple-vessel disease, % (n/N)‖ | 19.3 (5,534/28,682) | 21.1 (7,568/35,875) | <0.001 |
| Pre-hospital statin, % (n/N) | 15.2 (5,734/37,750) | 19.3 (10,570/54,759) | <0.001 |
| Pre-hospital ACEI/ARB, % (n/N) | 8.4 (3,163/37,750) | 11.9 (6,533/54,759) | <0.001 |
| Pre-hospital beta-blockers, % (n/N) | 7.7 (2,917/37,750) | 10.9 (5,956/54,759) | <0.001 |
| Patients with referral, % (n/N) | 46.6 (17,581/37,750) | 38.0 (20,779/54,759) | <0.001 |
| Medical therapy | |||
| DAPT, % (n/N) | 95.2 (35,782/37,588) | 89.9 (48,723/54,223) | <0.001 |
| Statins, % (n/N) | 94.8 (35,740/37,700) | 92.8 (50,709/54,670) | <0.001 |
| ACEI/ARB, % (n/N) | 49.8 (17,794/35,726) | 50.0 (25,890/51,775) | 0.565 |
| Beta-blockers, % (n/N) | 58.7 (21,343/36,341) | 57.8 (30,508/52,832) | 0.003 |
| PCI, % (n/N) | 77.9 (29,391/37,750) | 64.8 (35,508/54,759) | <0.001 |
ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ACS: acute coronary syndrome; ARB: angiotensin-receptor blocker; CHD: coronary heart disease; DAPT: dual antiplatelet therapy; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NSTE-ACS: non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; SBP: systolic blood pressure; STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; TG: triglyceride.
‖ Triple-vessel disease was not available for 27,952 (30.2%) patients.
The usage rate of drugs was calculated in patients without drug contraindications.