Table 1.

Nephrotoxicity of commonly used medications in critically ill patients [30,31,32,33,34,35,36].

Medications (Agents)	Clinical and Histological Presentation of Renal Toxicity
Antimicrobials Aminoglycosides Glycopeptides (vancomycin) Polymyxins	acute tubular necrosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, acute oxidative stress, cycle cell arrest
Antimicrobials β-lactams Sulphonamides Macrolides Antiretrovirals (Acyclovir) Rifampin Fluoroquinolones Chloramphenicol Other medications Diuretics NSAIDs Proton pump inhibitors	acute tubulointerstitial nephritis
Sulphonamides Antiretrovirals	acute crystalline nephropathy
High-osmolar iodine radiocontrast agents Hydroxyethyl starches and gelatine solutions	increase in ROS production, vasoconstriction, osmotic nephrosis
NSAIDs	altered renal hemodynamics

NSAIDs—nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ROS—reactive oxygen species.