Table 3.
Overview of risk-factors and predictors of antipsychotic medication adherence and non-adherence.
| Predictors | Sociodemographics | Clinical factors | Substance use and abuse | Insight and attitude | Treatment related | Family involvement and therapeutic relations | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Commonly involved | In adherence | Illness insight (8; 10) | Family involvement and support (14; 10; 6) | ||||
| In non-adherence | Younger age (7; 9; 16) | Lack of insight (7; 15; 14; 12; 9; 16); positive attitude (18; 19; 13; 9; 17; 14) | |||||
| Possibly involved | In adherence | Change toward more positive attitudes (8) | Positive attitude of family members toward medication (10) | ||||
| In non-adherence | Age at illness onset (7; 14) | Paranoia (11); hostility (1); excitement (13); poor impulse control and preoccupation (13); poor premorbid functioning (7) | Cannabis (7); comorbid substance dependence syndrome (11; 9) | Negative attitude (15; 9; 13) | Lack of family involvement (7) | ||
| Insufficient evidence | In adherence | Subjective well-being (15), neurocognitive functioning (13;14) | Absence of cannabis use (20) | Positive change in insight (8), lower score on “lack of insight” (14) | Therapeutic environment (10; 22); admission experience with regard to psychiatric care (18) | ||
| In non-adherence | Ethnic minorities (6;21) | Positive symptoms (7; 20; 14), negative symptoms (15; 11; 14), poor QoL and high relapse rate (7), disorganization syndromes (15; 12), illness severity (2; 14; 21; 19; 22; 13;16), depressive symptoms (1; 13); denial coping (21), comorbid harm or dependence syndrome (9); mode of admission (10; 11); number of previous admissions (11; 12); global functioning (9; 14;19) | Substance use (15; 20; 1; 6); alcohol (7; 15) | Lower positive attitude (15; 9) | Administration route (11; 14; 3); EPS (15; 11; 6), weight change (1), non-neurological SE (15), adverse events (1; 19; 10; 13) | Living with family with high EE (2) | |
| Low evidence | In adherence | Gender (11; 2; 14; 12; 16); occupation (14; 16), marital status (12; 16); level of education (11; 14; 12); duration of illness (11; 12; 10); illness characteristics (1) | Treatment efficacy (1) | Medication class (11; 4; 14; 19; 10; 5); mean AP dosage (11; 14; 12; 13) | |||
| In non-adherence | Problem-solving ability (14) | History of substance abuse (12; 1) |