Table 2.
CMDs Among Guatemalan Adults (n = 349)
| Overall | Males | Females | P a | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 349 | n = 157 | n = 192 | ||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| CMDs | ||||
| Obesityb | 116 (33%) | 33 (21%) | 83 (43%) | <0.01 |
| Diabetesc | 22 (6%) | 8 (5%) | 14 (7%) | 0.40 |
| Pre-diabetesc | 130 (37%) | 52 (33%) | 78 (41%) | 0.15 |
| Hypertensiond | 135 (39%) | 59 (38%) | 76 (40%) | 0.70 |
| Pre-hypertensiond | 67 (19%) | 36 (23%) | 31 (16%) | 0.11 |
| Metabolic syndromee | 173 (50%) | 48 (31%) | 125 (65%) | <0.01 |
| Central obesitye | 210 (60%) | 35 (22%) | 175 (91%) | <0.01 |
| High fasting blood glucose or medication usee | 151 (43%) | 60 (38%) | 91 (47%) | 0.09 |
| High triglycerides or statin usee | 167 (48%) | 76 (48%) | 91 (47%) | 0.85 |
| Low HDL- cholesterole | 241 (69%) | 91 (58%) | 150 (78%) | <0.01 |
| High blood pressure or medication usee | 113 (32%) | 48 (31%) | 65 (34%) | 0.52 |
| Any CMDf | 226 (65%) | 80 (51%) | 146 (76%) | <0.01 |
Data values are either median (IQR) or n (%). Among study participants with available metabolomic data at both timepoints and key variables of interest (CMDs, Atole exposure).
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CMDs, cardiometabolic diseases; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IQR, interquartile range.
a P values based on Mantel-Haenszel chi-square tests.
b According to World Health Organization categorization [16].
c Defined by recommendations of the American Diabetes Association [17] (See Supplemental Table 2 [14]).
d Per hypertension diagnosis cutoff values from the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults [18] (See Supplemental Table 2 [14]).
e Metabolic syndrome was defined as having 3 or more of the 5 criteria, based on the National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines [19] (See Supplemental Table 2 [14]).
f Metabolically unhealthy defined as having any of the 4 assessed CMDs. In other words, presence of obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and/or metabolic syndrome, including comorbidities.