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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: IEEE Sens J. 2020 Jun 8;20(21):12859–12870. doi: 10.1109/jsen.2020.3000772

TABLE VI.

Comparison of PS Classification and EE Estimation Results of Our Proposed Method with Other Similar Studies (RF: Random Forest; LMT: Logistic Model Tree; Inertial sensor includes 3D sensing unit: accelerometers, magnetometers, and gyroscopes; All acceloremeter sensors were 3-D)

Comparison of PS Classification Results
Year Reference Used Sensors Accuracy(%) Algorithm Sensor Place Device
2016 [117] ACC 81 NN Wrist Wrist-mounted 3-D Accelerometers
2015 [118] ACC,Gyroscope 85 LMT Neck MinimaxX S4
2016 [119] Inertial Sensor 97 DT Shoes Physilog Gait Up
2015 [120] Inertial Sensor 95 k-NN Wrist, Ankle, Trunk ReSense
2020 [35] ACC 95 RF Hip ActiGraph
2020 [38] ACC 93 DL Smart Phone
2020 [37] ACC 89 SVM Hip and Thigh GT3X+ and GT9X
2020 [36] ACC, BVP, HR 92 RF Hip and Wrist Microsoft Band, ADXL335
Proposed Method ACC, HR, ST, GSR, BVP 95 LSTM-DL Wrist Empatica E4
Proposed Method ACC (Using only ACC) 90 LSTM-DL Wrist Empatica E4
Comparison of EE Estimation Results
Year Reference Used Sensors MAE (MET) MAPE (%) RMSE (MET) Device
2015 [50] ACC, HR, NB 0.52 23.2 Zephyr, Shimmer2, BodyMedia Fit
2014 [51] ACC, ECG 0.70 25.7 ADXL330 and five ECG Necklace
2015 [52] ACC, HR, ST 0.87 32.8 BodyMedia FIT
2015 [53] ACC, HR, RR 0.61 27.5 BodyMedia Fit, Zephyr, Shimmer
2015 [54] ACC 0.31 LIS3L02AQ3 Sensor Data
2014 [55] ACC, HR 1.0 ActiGraph GT3X+, Polar RS400
2020 [56] HR 0.71 Suunto Smart Belt
2020 [57] HR 16.8 Misfit Shine 2
Proposed Method ACC, HR, ST, GSR, BVP 0.25 12.1 0.51 Empatica E4
Proposed Method ACC (Using only ACC) 0.59 22.0 0.79 Empatica E4