Table 3. Determinants of healthcare-associated infection in Ethiopia.
| Determinants | Author/year | HCAI | Effect size (95% CI) | Pooled effect size (95% CI) | I2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | |||||
| Surgical procedure | Endalfer N. eta al/2011 [25] | 71 | 66 | 3.96 (2.82–5.09) | 3.37 (1.85–4.89) | 46.9% |
| Yallew WW. et al./2017 [29] | 64 | 164 | 2.35 (0.35–4.34) | |||
| Take prophylaxis | Melaku S. et al./2012 [27] | 54 | 237 | 1.76 (1.21–2.3) | 1.76 (1.21–2.3) | - |
| underlying non-communicable disease | Melaku S. et al./2012 [27] | 16 | 71 | 4.3 (2.32–6.28) | 2.81 (1.39–4.22) | 54.5% |
| Mulu W. et al./2013 [16] | 10 | 36 | 2.72 (0.42–5.01) | |||
| Ali S. et al./2018 [9] | 44 | 135 | 2.01 (1.15–2.87) | |||
| Age ≥ 51 years | Mulu W. et al./2013 [16] | 6 | 16 | 6.38 (-10.61–23.37) | 6.38 (-10.61–23.37) | - |
| Duration of operation 90–150 minutes | Mulu W. et al./2013 [16] | 3 | 6 | 11 (-18.41–40.41) | 11 (-18.41–40.41) | - |
| Hospital stay >5 days | Mulu W. et al./2013 [16] | 2 | 3 | 8.2 (5.2–11.2) | 5.32 (0.01–10.65) | 89.8% |
| Alemayehu T. et al./2019 [10] | 58 | 183 | 2.76 (1.13–4.37) | |||
| Age 1–14 years | Yallew WW. et al./2016 [8] | 14 | 148 | 0.25 (-0.06–0.56) | 0.25 (-0.06–0.56) | - |
| Admission to the surgery ward | Yallew WW. et al./2016 [8] | 75 | 240 | 2.86 (1.33–4.38) | 2.86 (1.33–4.38) | - |
| Patients admitted at Felege Hiwot Hospital | Yallew WW. et al./2016 [8] | 74 | 261 | 1.99 (1.2–2.77) | 1.99 (1.2–2.77) | - |
| Immuno-deficiency | Yallew WW. et al./2017 [29] | 31 | 92 | 2.34 (0.57–4.1) | 2.34 (0.57–4.1) | - |
| Central vascular catheter | Yallew WW. et al./2017 [29] | 5 | 4 | 6.92 (-11.17–25.01) | 6.92 (-11.17–25.01) | - |
| Patient received antimicrobial | Yallew WW. et al./2017 [29] | 104 | 294 | 8.63 (-1.79–19.05) | 8.63 (-1.79–19.05) | - |
| Medical waste container at room | Yallew WW. et al./2017 [29] | 102 | 431 | 0.18 (-0.290–0.65) | 0.18 (-0.290–0.65) | - |
| Previous hospitalization | Ali S. et al./2018 [29] | 20 | 25 | 1.65 (0.91–2.39) | 2.13 (0.71–3.55) | 49.4% |
| Gebremeskel S. et al./2018 [31] | 27 | 43 | 3.22 (1.16–5.28) | |||
| Age 18–30 years | Ali S. et al./2018 [9] | 28 | 179 | 0.54 (0.22–0.85) | 0.54 (0.22–0.85) | - |
| Chest tube insertion | Ali S. et al./2018 [9] | 3 | 1 | 4.14 (1.57–6.71) | 4.14 (1.57–6.71) | - |
| Mechanical ventilation | Ali S. et al./2018 [9] | 12 | 22 | 1.99 (0.65–3.32) | 1.99 (0.65–3.32) | - |
| Malnutrition | Alemayehu T. et al./2019 [10] | 39 | 135 | 2.1 (0.78–3.41) | 2.1 (0.78–3.41) | - |
| Male sex | Gebremeskel S. et al./2018 [31] | 38 | 95 | 2.1 (0.45–3.67) | 2.1 (0.45–3.67) | - |
| Hospital stay < 5 days | Gebremeskel S. et al./2018 [31] | 5 | 119 | 0.03 (-0.01–0.07) | 0.03 (-0.01–0.07) | - |
Note: I2: reported for the pooled effect of two or more studies.