Table 4.
The estimated effects of land cover types on AL. Model 1: Multiplicative changes in continuous log-transformed AL MAHA data; Model 2: Odds ratios for AL above the 90th percentile of the sample distribution. Effect estimates were adjusted for age, smoking status, education, BMI, density of residential units per census block group, concentration of NOx from local traffic, and thin plate spline of geographic coordinates.
| Exposure characterization approach | Type of land cover | Tertile of land cover | Model 1: adjusted multiplicative change in continuous AL MAHA | AICc for model 1 | Model 2: aOR of AL MAHA above 90th percentile | AICc for model 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | Total vegetated cover | 1st | Reference | −333 | Reference | 129 |
| 2nd | 0.94 (0.87, 1.02) | 0.32 (0.09, 1.20) | ||||
| 3rd | 0.91 (0.84, 0.99)* | 0.13 (0.02, 0.78)* | ||||
| B | Tree cover | 1st | Reference | −348 | Reference | 120 |
| 2nd | 0.86 (0.80, 0.92)*** | 0.16 (0.03, 0.76)* | ||||
| 3rd | 0.85 (0.79, 0.92)*** | 0.04 (0.01, 0.35)* | ||||
| C | Grass cover | 1st | Reference | −334 | Reference | 133 |
| 2nd | 1.00 (0.96, 1.12) | 2.06 (0.55, 7.72) | ||||
| 3rd | 1.10 (1.02, 1.19) | 1.69 (0.43, 6.61) | ||||
| D | Tree cover | 1st | Reference | −338 | Reference | 130 |
| 2nd | 0.85 (0.79, 0.92)*** | 0.20 (0.05, 0.82)* | ||||
| 3rd | 0.86 (0.78, 0.93)** | 0.07 (0.01, 0.51)* | ||||
| Grass cover | 1st | Reference | Reference | |||
| 2nd | 1.00 (0.93, 1.09) | 0.69 (0.15, 3.18) | ||||
| 3rd | 1.04 (0.96, 1.14) | 0.78 (0.17, 3.62) |
*
p < 0.05
**
p < 0.001
***
p < 0.0001