Table 2.

Neuropeptides and peptide hormones in neurosecretory cells, endocrine cells and orchestrating neurons of Drosophila

Peptide	Cell/neuron	Region	Stage1	Function
Brain neurosecretory cells and peripheral secretory cells
DILP1,2,3,5, DSK	IPCs	MNC/PI	L/A2	Metabolism, feeding, stress responses, reproduction
DH44, DILP2	DH44-PI3	MNC/PI	L/A	Feeding, osmotic homeostasis
DMS	DMSn	MNC/PI	L/A	Crop motility
CRZ, sNPF	DLP	LNC/PL	L/A	IPC and CC regulation, metabolism, stress responses
ITP, TK, sNPF	ITPn	LNC/PL	L/A4	Osmotic homeostasis, metabolism, stress responses
PTTH	PTTHn	LNC/PL	L/P5	Regulation of ecdysone production, light avoidance
Hugin-PK	Hugin cells	SEZ	L/A	Feeding, locomotion
CAPA	SEn	SEZ	L/A	?
EH	VM	Brain	L/P5	Ecdysis behavior, light avoidance
AKH	CC	CC	L/A	Metabolism, food seeking
Lst	CC	CC	A	Metabolism, food seeking
DILP6	Adipocyte	Fat body	L/A	Growth, IPC regulation
CCHa2	Adipocyte	Fat body	L/A	IPC regulation
ETH	Inka cells	Trachea	L/P/A	Ecdysis, JH production, reproduction, courtship memory
Brain neurons that partake in orchestration
SIFa	SIFan	PI	L/A	Feeding, mating, sleep
LK	LHLK	Brain	L/A	osmotic homeostasis, metabolism, sleep, thirst-related learning
PDF	PDFtri	Tritoc.	A5	Adult eclosion?
PDF, sNPF	sLNv	Clock	L/A6	Clock neuromodulator, activity, sleep
TK, MIP	ICN	Brain	L/A	IPC regulation, growth
AstA	AstAn, PLP	Brain	A	Feeding, sleep
MIP	MIPn	Brain	A	Feeding, olfaction, sleep, reproduction
Thoracico-abdominal ganglion neurosecretory cells7
dFMRFa	Tv	T1-T3	L/A	Locomotion, flight
CAPA	Va	AbdG	L/A	Osmotic homeostasis, chill coma recovery
LK, DH44	ABLK	AbdG	L/A	Osmotic homeostasis, tracheal air-filling (at ecdysis)
Burs α	–	AbdG	L/A	Cuticle tanning, wing expansion
GPB 5	–	AbdG	L/A	Osmotic homeostasis?
PDF	–	AbdG	L/A	Motility renal tubules8, defecation in larvae
DH31	–	AbdG	L/A	Osmotic homeostasis?
Orcokinin A	–	AbdG	L/A	?
Thoracico-abdominal ganglion efferent neurons (could be neurosecretory)
DILP7	dMP2	AbdG	L/A	Gut function, reproduction
ITP	iag	AbdG	L/A	Osmotic homeostasis?
Luqin (RYamide)	–	AbdG	L/A	Osmotic homeostasis?
Proctolin		AbdG		Gut contraction?
AstA		AbdG		Gut contraction?
Midgut enteroendocrine cells (EECs)9
AstA	EECs P	Midgut	L/A	Signal to AKH cells and IPCs?
AstB/MIP	EECs M, P	Midgut	L/A	?
AstC	EECs A, M, P	Midgut	L/A	?
Bursicon α	EECs P	Midgut	A	Signal to AKH cells (indirect)
CCHa1	EECs P	Midgut	L/A	?
CCHa2	EECs A, P	Midgut	L/A	Signal to IPCs
DH31	EECs P	Midgut	L/A	Signal to R tubules, gut
NPF	EECs A, M	Midgut	L/A	Signal to R tubules, gut
Orcokinin B	EECs M	Midgut	L/A	?
TK	EECs A, M, P10	Midgut	L/A	Lipid metabolism in gut

Acronyms for peptides are given in Table 1. References are given in the text of the review. The regions are as follows: PL, pars lateralis; PI, pars intercerebralis; SEZ, subesophageal zone; Tritoc., tritocerebrum; T1-T3, thoracic neuromeres 1–3; AbdG, abdominal ganglion

¹L, larval; A, adult

²DILP1 not present in larvae (only in pupae and early adult)

³Also designated DH44n

⁴No TK in larvae

⁵Undergo apoptosis in early adult (after adult eclosion)

⁶No sNPF in larval neurons

⁷All functions only shown for adults

⁸Leads to increased secretion in tubules

⁹A, anterior; M, median; and P, posterior midgut

¹⁰Also in anterior hindgut