Table 1.
The main characteristics and the findings for the prepared membrane.
| Main finding of tests | Collagen nanofibers (CNFs) including PANPs (PACNFs) | curcumin/collagen nanofibers (CCNFs) |
|---|---|---|
| The asymmetric membrane | ||
| Physical state | White sheet (thickness of 0.4 mm) | Yellow sheet (thickness of 0.4 mm) |
| The mean particle size and the surface charge | 98.52 nm (PDI of 0.49) | 84.06 nm (PDI of 0.39) |
| With a negative surface charge of − 32.20 mV | With a negative surface charge of − 37.74 mV | |
| SEM results for morphology | Nanofibers with a network structure and without the presence of beads | Nanofibers with a network structure and without the presence of beads |
| In vitro cellular examinations | Without any toxic effect on DPSCs | Without any toxic effect on DPSCs |
| Increase in proliferation of DPSCs (p < 0.05) | Increase in proliferation of DPSCs (p < 0.05) | |
| Increased in ALP activity (p < 0.05) | Increased in ALP activity (p < 0.05) | |
| Increase in RNA expression of Runx-2, and OCN as osteogenic genes (p < 0.05) | Increase in RNA expression of Runx-2, and OCN as osteogenic genes (p < 0.05) | |
| Increase in protein expression of Runx-2, and OCN as osteogenic genes (p < 0.05) | Increase in protein expression of Runx-2, and OCN as osteogenic genes (p < 0.05) | |
| Microbial test | Not showed any antimicrobial effects | It showed antibacterial effects against S. aureus, E. faecalis and E. coli |
| The membrane was more effective against S. aureus followed by E. faecalis and E. coli | ||
| In vivo findings | The asymmetric membrane completely occupied after just 28 days, while the commercial membrane area remains empty | |
| No significant inflammatory was detected in the pathology specimens, and the membranes were completely degraded | ||
| The results of the microscopic examination showed that in the prepared membrane area new bone formation can be seen. The newly created bone was detected in the test membrane in HE staining images, suggesting that the PACNFs layer of the membrane is osteoinductive and that the CCNFs layer not only can act as a physical barrier for the GBR technique, but also it also has osteocondutive effects (according to cellular results) that improves the PACNFs layer’s action | ||