Figure 3.

La₂O₃ NPs sensitize GBM to radiation via a ROS mechanism (A) Significantly decreased number of colony forming units (CFUs) in colony-forming PDCLs 14 days after exposure to 4 Gy radiation therapy (RT) given 1 h after NP (50 µg/mL) administration, which was partially rescued by 1 h pretreatment with ROS scavenger (ROSSc). The generation of ROS was shown in this set-up by (B) general intracellular fluorescent marker H2DCFDA and (C) mitochondria specific fluorescent marker Mitosox. (D) Augmentation of ROS generation by NP of RT in this set-up was then demonstrated using H2DCFDA, which was significantly reduced by pretreatment with ROSSc. (E) Representative western blotting of increased ɣ-H2AX expression when combining NP and RT which reduced by pretreatment with ROSSc, which correlated to clonogenic assay and flow cytometry results of H2DCFDA in PDCL RN1 (FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate vs count). Full blots provided in Supplementary. All CFU and fluorescence data were obtained in technical triplicate over three independent tests and presented as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA analysis, with significance set at P < 0.05 (*).