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. 2020 Oct 23;10:18156. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-75372-3

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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La₂O₃ NPs sensitize GBM to temozolomide via an apoptotic mechanism. (A) Increased cell death 72 h following concurrent NP and temozolomide (TMZ) at various IC50 multiples with (B) a representative image. (C) Representative western blotting of decreased bcl-2 expression with NP (50 µg/mL) and TMZ (200 µM) in PDCL RN1 was then correlated to the outcomes of the combination studies. Full blots provided in Supplementary. (D) Combination analysis of cell viability data per the Chou and Talalay method modelled combination indices (CIs) and dose reduction indices (DRIs) across affected fraction (F_a) 5–97%. All cell viability data were obtained in technical triplicate over three independent tests and presented as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA analysis, with significance set at P < 0.05 (*).