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. 2020 Oct 23;11(10):904. doi: 10.1038/s41419-020-03084-7

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Immunohistochemistry with an antibody against PLP demarks regions of demyelination (PLP^-lesions) within the MS patient brain. Iba1 immunohistochemistry labels resident microglia and infiltrating macrophages in and around these PLP^- lesions. Scale bar: 200 µm b In situ hybridization with a CSF1R and CSF1 probe reveals the presence of these transcripts around the MS lesion. Qualitative assessment with in situ hybridization suggests that CSF1R and CSF1 transcripts are elevated in the MS patient brain as compared to the NAWM of non-MS controls. Scale bar: 50 µm. c Transcriptional analysis via qPCR reveals a significant increase in both CSF1R and CSF1 mRNA in the Prog MS patient brain as compared with RRMS and CTL samples. Each data point represents an individual human sample while graphical columns represent the mean and standard error. Statistical significance was determined by a one-way ANOVA and p values are indicated by *p < 0.05. d Protein expression was assessed by Western Blot with an antibody against CSF1R. CSF1R protein was elevated in Prog MS patients. Each data point represents an individual human sample while graphical columns represent the mean and standard error. Statistical significance was determined by a one-way ANOVA and p values are indicated by *p < 0.05. e CSF1 levels are also elevated in cerebral spinal fluid from Prog MS patients as compared with RRMS and CTL samples. Each data point represents an individual human sample while graphical columns represent the mean and standard error. Statistical significance was determined by a one-way ANOVA and p values are indicated by ***p < 0.001. f Immunohistochemistry with antibodies against PLP and IBA1 identify regions of demyelination and microgliosis respectively within the progressive MS patient brain and Ki67 demarks cells undergoing proliferation in the region. Scale bar: 2000 µm (top row), 200 µm (bottom two rows).