Table 1.

Studies included in the meta-analyses. SSCs spine simulators with cadavers, FEMs finite element models, segment spinal segment, CAD Charité artificial disc, e extension, f flexion, l lateral bending, a axial rotation, N/A not available, *prototype of an artificial disc in development, displ. contr. displacement controlled ROM with a required moment.

	Study	Segment	Device(s)	Number of specimen	Applied moment (Nm)	Compressive load (N)
SSCs	Cunningham et al. [3]	L4/5	CAD	8	8	N/A
	Demetropoulos et al. [16]	L4/5	ProDisc-L	10	10	200
	DiAngelo et al. [17]	L5/S1	CAD, Maverick, ProDisc-L	20	8	100
	Erkan et al. [18]	L5/S1	Maverick	6	7.5	100
	Gaffey et al. [19]	L4/5	ProDisc-L	7	8(f), 6(e)	400
	Ha et al. [20]	L4/5	activL	5	8	400
	Hitchon et al. [21]	L4/5	Maverick	7	6	N/A
	Ingalhalikar et al. [22]	L4/5	Maverick	10	displ. contr.	N/A
	Kikkawa et al. [23]	L4/5	Triumph	7	10	N/A
	Kim et al. [24]	L4/5	CAD	5	8	400
	Le Huec et al. [10]	L4/5	Maverick	6	7	400
	Meyers et al. [15]	L5/S1	ProDisc-L	12	10	600/1200
	Moldavsky et al. [25]	L4/5	InOrbit	7	8	N/A
	O'Leary et al. [13]	L5/S1	CAD	5	8(f), 6(e)	400
	Panjabi et al. [26]	L5/S1	ProDisc-L	6	10 (e,f), 8 (l,a)	400
	Panjabi et al. [27]	L5/S1	CAD	5	10	400
	Takigawa et al. [28]	L4/5	Maverick	7	7.5	400
	Tsitsopulos et al. [29]	L5/S1	ProDisc-L	12	8 (f), 6 (e)	400
	Voronov et al. [30]	L3/4	CAD	6	8 (f), 6 (e,l), 5 (a)	400
	Wilke et al. [2]	L3/4	CAD, ProDisc-L, Prototype*	6	7.5	0
	Wong [31]	L5/S1	Maverick ProDisc-L,	7	7.6	100
FEMs	Chen et al. [4]	L3/4	Prodisc-L	–	10	150
	Chen et al. [32]	L3/4	Prodisc-L	–	10	400
	Choi et al. [33]	L3/4	Prodisc-L	–	10	280
	Choi et al. [34]	L3/4	Prodisc-L, NewPro*	–	10	280
	Chung et al. [5]	L4/5	CAD, Prodisc-L	–	6	400
	Di Mascio et al. [35]	L4/5	Maverick	–	10	N/A
	Dooris et al. [36]	L3/4	Maverick	–	6	400
	Goel et al. [37]	L5/S1	CAD	–	10.6	400
	Kim et al. [38]	L4/5	CAD, Maverick, Prodisc-L	–	5	400
	Knapik et al. [39]	L5/S1	Prodisc-L	–	N/A	734*
	Le Huec et al. [10]	L4/5	Maverick	–	7	400
	Rundell et al. [40]	L3/4	Prodisc-L	–	7.5	500
	Schmidt et al. [41]	L4/5	CAD, Slide-Disc (mobile/immobile core)	–	7.5	1000
	Wang et al. [6]	L4/5	Triumph	–	6	400
	Zander et al. [42]	L45	CAD, Prodisc-L, activL	–	10(e,f), 7.5(l,a)	500
	Zhong et al. [43]	L3/4	Prodisc-L	–	10	150