Table 1.

PGPR mediated expression of genes detected in plants responsible for amelioration of salinity stress.

S. No	Plant species	Involved PGPR	Stress responsive gene	Function	Reference
1.	Arabidopsis thaliana	Burkholderia phytofirmans PsJN	Transcription of RD29A, RD29B, APX2 and GLYI7 Downregulation of LOX2 Expression pattern of AKT1, NHX2, SOS1 and HKT1	Proline accumulation, abscisic acid signaling, ROS scavenging, detoxification, jasmonic acid biosynthesis pathway, ion homeostasis	[29]
2.	Glycine max	Pseudomonas simiae strain AU	Upregulation of POX, CAT, VSP and NR Downregulation of HKTI, LOX, PPO and P5CS	Production of antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidase, catalase and also vegetative storage protein, nitrite reductase	[30]
3.	Abelmoschus esculentus	Enterobacter sp. UPMR18	Upregulation of CAT, APX, GR and DHAR	Reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathway, production of antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidase, catalase	[31]
4.	A. thaliana	Pseudomonas putida PS01	Upregulation of LOX2 Downregulation of APX2 and GLY17 No changes in expression of RD29A and RD29B	Jasmonic acid synthesis pathway, ROS scavenging activity, detoxification, abscisic acid (ABA) signaling	[32]
5.	Wheat	Bacillus safensis W10	Upregulation of expansins, endotransglucosylase/hydrolase, sulphur rich thionin, S adenosylmethinoine secarboxylase precursor and metallothionines Downregulation of Flavonone hydroxylase, oxalate oxidase, protein phosphatase	Alleviation of salt stress	[21]
6.	Wheat	Dietzia natronolimnaea STR1	Upregulation of TaABARE and TaOPR1 Enhanced expression of TaST, APX, MnSOD, CAT, POD, GPX, GR Tissue-specific responses of TaNHX1, TaHAK, TaHKT1, ABARE and TaOPR1	Abscisic acid signaling, reactive oxygen species scavenging, antioxidant enzyme activity, increased expression of ion transporters, maintenance of high K+/Na + ratio	[33]
7.	A. thaliana	Enterobacter spp. EJ01	Increased expression of DREB2b, RD29A, RD29B and RAB18 Expression of P5CS1, P5CS2, MPK3 and MPK6	Proline biosynthesis, regulation of defense pathways and salt responses	[34]
8.	Solanum lycopersicum	Bacillus megaterium	Expression of MT2 and GR1	Metallothionein Glutathione reductase enzyme synthesis	[35]
9..	G. max	Bacillus firmus SW5	Upregulation of GmVSP, GmPHD2, GmbZIP62, GmWRKY54, GmOLPb and CHS Expression of APX, CAT, Fe-SOD and POD	Antioxidant enzyme production, tolerance to salinity, flavonoid biosynthetic pathway	[24]
10.	Zea mays L.	Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SQR9	Upregulation of RBCS, RBCL, H+‐PPase, HKT1, NHX1, NHX2 and NHX3 Downregulation of NCED	Photosynthesis, Na + export and sequestration	[36]
11.	Puccinellia tenuiflora	Bacillus subtilis (GB03)	Upregulation of PtHKT1;5 and PtSOS1 Downregulation of PtHKT2;1	Modulation of Na + homeostasis	[37]
12.	S. lycopersicum	P. putida UW4	Expression of Toc GTPase	Regulation of chloroplast import apparatus components	[38]
13.	Wheat	Arthrobacter nitroguajacolicus	Upregulation of AA0618700, AA0359620, APX, GPX Expression of AA0410390, AA1982260, AA0412840 and AA1872340	Plant cell wall biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway, glutathione-ascorbate cycle, modulation of celular osmotic balance, ROS scavenging activity	[39]
14.	Oryza sativa	B. amyloliquefaciens SN13	Upregulation of NADP-Me2, EREBP, SOSI, BADH and SERK1 Repression of GIG and SAPK4 NADP-Me2, EREBP, SOSI, BADH and SERK1 Accumulation of MAPK5	Na+/H+ antiporter system, plant growth and development, abiotic stress response, oxidative decarboxylation of L-malate, Ion homeostasis	[40]
15.	A. thaliana	B. subtilis GB03	Expression of HKT1	Na + import in roots	[41]
16.	A. thaliana	Paenibacillus yonginensis DCY84T	Expression of AtRSA1, AtVQ9 and AtWRKY8, AtERD15, AtRAB18, and AtLT178	Detoxification of reactive oxygen species, Na+ homeostasis, responses to abiotic stress	[42]
17.	O. sativa	Root-associated plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)	Expression of RAB18	Intracellular protein transport	[43]