Table 2.
Effects of sesamin on atherosclerosis.
| Reference | Experimental Model | Dosage | Administration Mode | Administration Duration | Experimental N | Response |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cells and Cell Lines | ||||||
| Wu et al. (2010) | HAECs | 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 µM |
N/A | 24 h | 3 | - Decrease in ICAM-1 mRNA and protein expression through inhibition of cytoplasmic human antigen R (HuR) translocation and HuR-ICAM-1 mRNA interaction - Downregulation of ERK1/2 and p38 signaling |
| Liu et al. (2014) | RAW264.7 macrophages | 0.1, 1, 10 µM | N/A | 6, 24 h | 3–4 | - Decrease in intracellular cholesterol level, increase in HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux - Increase in expression of PPARγ1, LXRα and ABCG1 - Increase in PPARγ1 transcriptional activity - No effect on cholesterol uptake |
| Majdalawieh and Ro (2014) | Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line Peritoneal macrophages |
25, 50, 75, 100 μM 25, 50, 75, 100 μM |
N/A N/A |
24 h 24 h |
4 4 |
- Increase in PPARγ1 and LXRα expression and transcriptional activity - Improvement of macrophage cholesterol efflux |
| Freise and Querfeld (2014) | Human and Mouse VSMCs | 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10 µM episesamin |
N/A | 24 h | 3–12 | - Decrease in basal and TNFα-induced proliferation and migration of VSMCs - Inhibition of ERK1/2 and AKT activity - Suppression of basal and TNFα-induced expression and secretion of MMP-2 & MMP-9 mRNA - Inhibition of NF-κB activity - Attenuation of TNFα- and H2O2-induced oxidative stress |
| Freise et al. (2015) | Human VSMCs Mouse VSMCs Rat VSMCs |
1, 2, 5, 10 µM episesamin and sesamin |
N/A | 24–36 h 20–24 h 48–96 h |
4 | Decrease in basal and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB induced proliferation and migration of VSMCs |
| Han et al. (2015) | Rat aortic VSMCs | 1, 5, 10 μM | N/A | 24 h | 3 | - Inhibition of cyclin D1, cyclin E, CDK2, CDK4, and PCNA expression - Suppression of pRb phosphorylation - Upregulation of p53, p21, and p27 expression |
| Animal Models | ||||||
| Guan and Wang (2009a) | Japanese white rabbits | 4 mg per day | Oral | 8 weeks | 6 | - Decrease in LDL levels - Thinner aorta intima - Lower macrophage amount in atherosclerotic lesions Decrease in VCAM-1 expression |
| Guan and Wang (2009b) | Japanese white rabbits | Unknown | Unknown | 8 weeks | 6 | - Decrease in LDL levels - Thinner aorta intima - Lower macrophage amount in atherosclerotic lesions - Decrease in VCAM-1 expression by 27.59% |
| Loke et al. (2010) | ApoE−/− mice | 64 mg/kg | Oral | 20 weeks | 25 | Decrease in atherosclerotic lesion formation by 40% |
| Wu et al. (2010) | ApoE−/− mice | 0.5 w/w% (5 g/kg) |
Oral | 11 weeks | 12 | - Decrease in ICAM-1 protein expression - Reduction of tunica intima in the aorta |
| Human Subjects | ||||||
| Hirata et al. (1996) | Hypercholesterolemia patients | 3.6 mg/ capsule (9 capsules per day for 4 weeks, 18 capsules per day for the next 4 weeks) |
Oral | 8 weeks | 6 | Decrease in TC, LDL, and ApoB levels |