Table 3.

The effects of sucrose, sucralose and stevia administration on serum levels of liver and kidney functions parameters, oxidative stress biomarkers and lipid profile in male and female albino mice.

	Parameters	Control groups		Sucrose		Sucralose		Stevia
		Group I	Group II	Group III	Group IV	Group V	Group VI	Group VII	Group VIII
Male mice	ALT (U/L)	35.81 ± 6.36a	36.42 ± 6.6a	45.41 ± 6.79b	47.10 ± 7.2b	54.24 ± 2.3c	56.38 ± 1.9c	48.44 ± 9.5b	57.14 ± 3.6c
	AST (U/L)	21.76 ± 6.5a	20.63 ± 4.5a	37.98 ± 5.6b	39.18 ± 6.2b	53.22 ± 21.6 cd	49.18 ± 0.4c	47.21 ± 2.7c	61.92 ± 1.6e
	Urea (mg/dl)	41.68 ± 5.7a	42.03 ± 0.8a	43.96 ± 4.0a	43.01 ± 4.1a	56.3 ± 14.9b	57.34 ± 3.6b	55.52 ± 9.8b	53.32 ± 4.8b
	Creatinine (mg/dl)	0.90 ± 1.43a	1.03 ± 4.3a	1.18 ± 0.08a	1.20 ± 0.1a	1.91 ± 0.4ab	2.60 ± 6.5b	1.81 ± 0.3ab	2.12 ± 7.1b
	NO (umol/L)	28.01 ± 1.16a	28.21 ± 6.1a	27.88 ± 4.2a	29.44 ± 3.5a	30.12 ± 1.1a	55.82 ± 3.7b	28.16 ± 6.9a	58.3 ± 5.6b
	SOD (U/L)	97.80 ± 1.16d	96.85 ± 5.4d	96.19 ± 2.5d	93.24 ± 5.3d	65.46 ± 1.5c	45.18 ± 1.6a	71.61 ± 3.3c	56.11 ± 2.7b
	Chol (mg/dl)	120.61 ± 18.73a	121.52 ± 8.4.a	150.84 ± 13.1b	149.14 ± 1.3b	159.56 ± 54.3c	168.74 ± 10.7d	151.34 ± 35.2b	166.90 ± 16d
	TG (mg/dl)	127.21 ± 13.6a	126.08 ± 8.6a	130.51 ± 10.5a	130.91 ± 1.4a	128.44 ± 38.8a	130.30 ± 25.9a	120.96 ± 25.4a	126.74 ± 13a
	HDL (mg/dl)	50.64 ± 10.26c	49.85 ± 6.7c	44.81 ± 6.8c	42.46 ± 5.2b	50.51 ± 6.7c	36.26 ± 5.5a	49.92 ± 6.8c	43.84 ± 7.4b
	LDL (mg/dl)	42.55 ± 5.79a	42.01 ± 7.5a	44.72 ± 11.5a	46.11 ± 2.3a	46.98 ± 40.8a	59.43 ± 6.4b	49.83 ± 29.3a	62.71 ± 10b
	FFAs (mmol/L)	0.62 ± 0.1a	0.64 ± 0.2a	0.59 ± 0.4a	0.60 ± 0.9a	0.94 ± 0.1b	1.01 ± 0.5b	0.86 ± 0.3b	0.9 ± 0.6b
	Liver TG (mg/g)	105.16 ± 0.65a	103.44 ± 0.4a	102.41 ± 1.3a	103.21 ± 3.1a	100.78 ± 0.8a	101.36 ± 2.7a	108.67 ± 0.5a	102.77 ± 6.7a
	Liver Chol (mg/g)	87.13 ± 4.03a	89.46 ± 0.6a	95.77 ± 2.4b	100.41 ± 1.1b	101.49 ± 5.2b	121.77 ± 9.2c	105.11 ± 2.9b	130.43 ± 11.4c
Female mice	ALT (U/L)	32.22 ± 3.6a	33.20 ± 7.6a	36.32 ± 7.9a	39.92 ± 5.1a	54.24 ± 23.3c	56.38 ± 1.9c	48.44 ± 9.1b	56.14 ± 2.6c
	AST (U/L)	25.62 ± 2.5a	26.55 ± 19.4a	29.30 ± 3.2a	31.31 ± 0.4a	52.01 ± 5.2c	51.34 ± 0.8c	42.21 ± 1.6b	49.08 ± 0.7c
	Urea (mg/dl)	39.18 ± 3.6a	38.07 ± 2.6a	41.23 ± 0.6a	45.34 ± 6.1ab	49.62 ± 6.1b	51.32 ± 2.9b	42.61 ± 1.6a	48.02 ± 2.8b
	Creatinine (mg/dl)	0.82 ± 1.4a	0.91 ± 7.4a	1.01 ± 4.4a	1.21 ± 4.6a	2.06 ± 1.2b	2.04 ± 0.8b	2.71 ± 1.5c	2.91 ± 0.4c
	NO (umol/L)	37.48 ± 6.6a	36.77 ± 4.3a	37.03 ± 6.1a	39.74 ± 7.6a	39.62 ± 1.6a	59.78 ± 3.2b	41.31 ± 1.6a	55.32 ± 3.1b
	SOD (U/L)	112.14 ± 1.1d	113.63 ± 12.4d	106.03 ± 2.4d	104.14 ± 7.3d	87.14 ± 1.17b	69.61 ± 4.1a	91.80 ± 1.6c	72.66 ± 2.3b
	Chol (mg/dl)	100.91 ± 7.2a	101.13 ± 4.9a	120.22 ± 5.2b	124.04 ± 4.9b	95.62 ± 23.7a	170.05 ± 8.4d	95.21 ± 1.6a	157.92 ± 9.3c
	TG (mg/dl)	71.34 ± 7.8a	70.03 ± 7.6a	69.03 ± 0.4a	70.43 ± 4.8a	67.21 ± 16.8a	69.92 ± 7.2a	68.62 ± 1.6a	69.68 ± 14.5a
	HDL (mg/dl)	44.06 ± 3.1b	43.65 ± 6.1b	45.36 ± 1.6b	43.61 ± 1.3b	41.22 ± 5.9b	33.34 ± 3.5a	40.52 ± 1.6b	32.41 ± 4.1a
	LDL (mg/dl)	47.61 ± 2.5a	46.97 ± 0.5a	48.11 ± 4.8a	49.54 ± 0.4a	49.90 ± 14.5a	90.48 ± 4.9b	46.98 ± 0.3a	85.16 ± 6.4b
	FFAs (mmol/L)	0.59 ± 0.3a	0.54 ± 0.4a	0.56 ± 0.1a	0.58 ± 0.6a	0.99 ± 0.6c	1.1 ± 0.6c	0.73 ± 0.4b	0.83 ± 0.2b
	Liver TG (mg/g)	77.65 ± 1.1a	75.33 ± 0.9a	76.53 ± 4.1a	74.69 ± 2.4a	77.98 ± 3.1a	71.43 ± 0.8a	77.44 ± 3.4a	78.56 ± 6.1a
	Liver Chol (mg/g)	55.43 ± 2.0a	58.96 ± 0.4a	56.47 ± 3.2a	59.41 ± 2.3a	77.23 ± 0.9b	94.33 ± 1.3c	81.42 ± 1.9b	110.74 ± 7.1d

Data were presented as mean ± SD. Means followed by the same letter within the same row were not significantly different (P > 0.05), whereas those marked with different ones were significantly differed (P < 0.05) using analysis of variance [ANOVA]; Duncan's Multiple Range test (DMRT). Group I and II: Control groups receiving normal drinking water without sweeteners for 8 and 16 weeks, Group III: Mice received sucrose for 8 weeks, group IV: Mice received sucrose for 16 weeks, group V: Mice received sucralose for 8 weeks, Group VI: Mice received sucralose for 16 weeks, Group VII: Mice received stevia for 8 weeks, Group VIII: Mice received stevia for 16 weeks.