Table 1.
Global, regional and national pooled prevalence of serum antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the general population (results from 47 studies containing 107 datasets performed in 23 countries)
| WHO regions/country | Number datasets | Number of people screened (total) | Number of seropositive people | Pooled seroprevalence % (95%CI) |
Estimated global or country's population (2020) | Estimated number of people exposed to SARS-CoV-2 (95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Global | 107 | 399 265 | 15 879 | 3.38 (3.05–3.72) | 7 794 799 000 | 263 565 606 (237 741 369–289 966 523) |
| Europe and northern America | 74 | 272 265 | 13 109 | 4.21 (3.52–4.90) | 1 116 506 000 | 47 004 902 (39 301 011–54 708 794) |
| Northern America | 22 | 51 544 | 3146 | 4.41 (3.03–5.79) | 368 870 000 | 16 267 167 (11 176 761–21 357 573) |
| United states | 22 | 51 544 | 3146 | 4.41 (3.03–5.79) | 331 003 000 | 14 597 232 (10 029 390–19 165 073) |
| Western Europe | 13 | 16 933 | 658 | 3.17 (1.96–4.38) | 196 146 000 | 6 217 828 (3 844 461–8 591 194) |
| Belgium | 2 | 7391 | 293 | 3.46 (3.04–3.88) | 11 590 000 | 401 014 (352 336–449 692) |
| France | 5 | 1198 | 30 | 2.19 (1.20–3.18) | 65 274 000 | 1 429 500 (783 288–2 075 713) |
| Germany | 4 | 3806 | 81 | 2.23 (0.79–3.67) | 83 784 000 | 1 868 388 (661 893–3 074 872) |
| Switzerland | 1 | 2766 | 219 | 7.92 (6.94–8.99) | 8 655 000 | 685 476 (600,657–778,084) |
| Luxembourg | 1 | 1862 | 35 | 1.88 (1.31–2.60) | 626 000 | 11 768 000 (8 200–16 276) |
| Southern Europe | 26 | 71 478 | 3242 | 4.41 (2.20–6.61) | 152 215 000 | 6 712 681 (3 348 730–10 061 411) |
| Croatia | 2 | 1494 | 19 | 1.05 (0.56–1.60) | 4 105 000 | 43 102 (22 988–65 680) |
| Italy | 4 | 2323 | 145 | 7.27 (2.48–11.9) | 60 462 000 | 4 395 587 (1 499 457–7 249 393) |
| Spain | 19 | 61 075 | 3054 | 5.01 (4.83–5.18) | 46 755 000 | 2 342 425 (2 258 266–2 421 909) |
| Greece | 1 | 6586 | 24 | 0.36 (0.23–0.54) | 10 423 000 | 37 522 (23 972–56 284) |
| Eastern Europe | 1 | 10 474 | 69 | 0.66 (0.51–0.83) | 293 013 000 | 1 933 885 (1 494 366–2 432 007) |
| Hungary | 1 | 10 474 | 69 | 0.66 (0.51–0.83) | 9 660 000 | 63 756 (49 266–80 178) |
| Northern Europe | 12 | 121 836 | 5994 | 5.27 (3.97-6.57) | 106 261 000 | 5 599 954 (4 218 561–6 981 347) |
| England | 9 | 99 908 | 5544 | 5.65 (4.61–6.69) | 67 886 000 | 3 835 559 (3 129 544–4 541 573) |
| Denmark | 2 | 21 715 | 418 | 1.77 (1.60–1.95) | 5 792 000 | 102 518 (92 672–112 944) |
| Sweden | 1 | 213 | 32 | 15.0 (10.5–20.5) | 10 099 000 | 1 516 869 (1 061 405–2 074 334) |
| Eastern and south-eastern Asia | 13 | 89 648 | 1855 | 2.02 (1.56–2.49) | 2 346 709 000 | 47 403 521 (36 608 660- 58 433 054) |
| Eastern Asia | 12 | 88 832 | 1852 | 2.02 (1.56–2.49) | 1 678 090 000 | 33 897 418 (26 178 204- 41 784 441) |
| China | 8 | 86 416 | 1756 | 1.63 (1.13–2.13) | 1 439 324 000 | 23 460 981 (16 264 361 – 30 657 601) |
| Japan | 3 | 2218 | 81 | 3.62 (2.84–4.39) | 126 476 000 | 4 578 431 (3 591 918 – 5 552 296) |
| South-Korea | 1 | 198 | 15 | 7.58 (4.30–12.2) | 51 269 000 | 3 886 190 (2 204 567 – 6 249 691) |
| South-Eastern Asia | 1 | 816 | 3 | 0.37 (0.08-1.07) | 668 620 000 | 2 473 894 (534 896–7 154 234) |
| Malaysia | 1 | 816 | 3 | 0.37 (0.08–1.07) | 32 366 000 | 119 754 (25 893–346 316) |
| Latin America and the Caribbean | 17 | 33 596 | 618 | 1.45 (0.95–1.94) | 653 962 000 | 9 482 449 (6 212 639–12 686 862) |
| South America | 17 | 33 596 | 618 | 1.45 (0.95-1.94) | 430 760 000 | 6 246 020 (4 092 220–8 356 744) |
| Brazil | 15 | 32 352 | 479 | 0.96 (0.52–1.40) | 212 559 000 | 2 040 566 (1 105 306- 2 975 826) |
| Chile | 2 | 1244 | 139 | 10.78 (9.1–12.5) | 19 116 000 | 2 060 704 (1 731 909 -2 389 500) |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 1 | 3098 | 174 | 5.62 (4.83-6.49) | 1 094 366 000 | 61 503 369 (52 857 878–71 024 353) |
| Kenya | 1 | 3098 | 174 | 5.62 (4.83–6.49) | 53 771 000 | 3 021 930 (2 597 139–3 489 738) |
| Central and southern Asia | 1 | 528 | 117 | 22.16 (18.7–26.0) | 2 014 709 000 | 446 459 514(376 549 112- 522 816 985) |
| Iran | 1 | 528 | 117 | 22.16 (18.7–26.0) | 83 993 000 | 18 612 848 (15 698 291–21 796 183) |
| Northern Africa and western Asia | 1 | 130 | 6 | 4.62 (1.71–9.78) | 525 869 000 | 24 295 147(8 992 359- 51 429 988) |
| Libya | 1 | 130 | 6 | 4.62 (1.71–9.78) | 6 871 000 | 317 440 (117 494 – 671 983) |