Table 1.
General characteristics of the study participants at the baseline screening.
| Variables | Control (n=41) | App only (n=45) | App+personalized coaching (n=43) | |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 49.5 (7.9) | 49.2 (7.5) | 48.9 (7.8) | |
| Sex, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Male | 19 (46.3) | 23 (51.1) | 21 (48.8) |
|
|
Female | 22 (53.7) | 22 (49.9) | 22 (51.2) |
| Number of metabolic abnormalities, mean (SD) | 2.9 (0.8) | 2.9 (0.9) | 2.8 (0.9) | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | 131.8 (15.8) | 130.8 (15.2) | 133.3 (14.9) | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) , mean (SD) | 87.4 (9.9) | 86.6 (10.7) | 89.0 (11.7) | |
| Height (cm), mean (SD) | 166.4 (8.8) | 165.3 (10.4) | 164.0 (8.9) | |
| Weight (kg, mean (SD) | 71.8 (13.2) | 72.6 (12.4) | 71.9 (11.6) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 25.8 (2.8) | 26.5 (3.2) | 26.6 (2.9) | |
| Waist circumference (cm) , mean (SD) | 89.1 (8.2) | 90.8 (8.2) | 90.4 (7.0) | |
| Percent body fat, mean (SD) | 30.3 (6.8) | 31.9 (7.1) | 31.6 (5.7) | |
| Fat mass (kg), mean (SD) | 21.5 (5.2) | 23.1 (6.4) | 22.5 (4.5) | |
| Skeletal muscle mass (kg) , mean (SD) | 28.1 (7.1) | 27.6 (6.2) | 27.5 (6.1) | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 212.9 (31.6) | 197.4 (34.1) | 205.1 (31.8) | |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 212.9 (138.0) | 176.6 (107.7) | 169.2 (72.7) | |
| HDLa cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 46.1 (8.4) | 47.1 (11.2) | 46.3 (10.5) | |
| LDLb cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 139.1 (28.8) | 127.5 (35.0) | 137.1 (30.7) | |
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 98.1 (13.8) | 105.9 (39.4) | 98.9 (19.0) | |
| Insulin (mIU/mL), mean (SD) | 11.4 (4.8) | 11.5 (4.8) | 11.8 (3.9) | |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%), mean (SD) | 5.9 (0.7) | 6.1 (1.2) | 5.8 (0.7) | |
| HOMA-IRc, mean (SD) | 2.8 (1.2) | 3.0 (1.5) | 2.9 (1.5) | |
| Hypertension, mean (SD) | 2 (4.9) | 2 (4.4) | 1 (2.3) | |
| Diabetes, mean (SD) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Dyslipidemia, mean (SD) | 3 (7.3) | 1 (2.2) | 1 (2.3) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Never | 19 (46.3) | 28 (62.2) | 25 (58.1) |
|
|
Former | 8 (19.5) | 11 (24.4) | 11 (25.6) |
|
|
Current | 14 (34.2) | 6 (13.3) | 7 (16.3) |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Never | 5 (12.2) | 8 (17.8) | 5 (11.6) |
|
|
Former | 2 (4.9) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (4.7) |
|
|
Current | 34 (82.9) | 37 (82.2) | 36 (83.7) |
| Alcohol consumption (g/day), mean (SD) | 22.1 (38.8) | 10.4 (15.5) | 11.5 (18.1) | |
| MVPAd engagement, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yes | 2 (4.9) | 8 (17.8) | 9 (20.9) |
|
|
No | 39 (95.1) | 37 (82.2) | 34 (79.1) |
| Sedentary time (hours/day), mean (SD) | 7.2 (2.7) | 6.6 (2.8) | 7.1 (3.9) | |
aHDL: high-density lipoprotein.
bLDL: low-density lipoprotein.
cHOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance.
dMVPA: moderate-vigorous physical activity.