Table 4.

Measured and significant intervention outcomes.

Authors (references)		Suicidality		Co-occurring mental health issues		Perceptions and knowledge of suicide		Help seeking		Coping behavior		Treatment initiation		Significant outcomes
Universal
	Aseltine et ala [34]		✓b		N/Ac		✓		✓		N/A		N/A		Suicide attempts, decrease; adaptive attitudes about suicide, increase; knowledge about suicide, increase
	Bailey et al [35]		✓		✓		✓		✓		N/A		N/A		Distress, decrease at T1d and T2d; adaptive attitudes about suicide, increase; knowledge about suicide increase; help seeking for self at T2 and T3d, increase
	Freedenthal [36]		✓		N/A		N/A		✓		N/A		N/A		Help seeking by hotline, increase; help seeking from adult, decrease; help seeking from a peer, decrease
	Haas et al [37]		N/A		✓		N/A		N/A		N/A		✓		Outpatient treatment initiation for students who received evaluation and dialogue with counselor, increase
	Han et ala [38]		N/A		N/A		✓		✓		✓		N/A		Knowledge of suicide, increase at posttest; attitude about help seeking from a professional, increase
	Pisani et ala,e [39]		N/A		✓		✓		N/A		✓		N/A		Not reported
	Robinson et al [40]		✓		N/A		✓		✓		N/A		N/A		Not reported
	Schilling et ala [41]		✓		N/A		✓		✓		N/A		N/A		Suicidal ideation, planning, or attempts decrease among intervention participants with pretest suicidal ideation; knowledge about suicide, increase
	Wyman et ala [42]		✓		N/A		✓		✓		✓		N/A		Perceptions of seeking help from adults, increase; help seeking from nonmental health professional, increase; help seeking from a peer, increase
Selective
	Dickter et al [43]		✓		✓		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		Suicidal ideation, decrease
	Hetrick et al [44]		✓		✓		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		Suicidal ideation, decrease; depression symptoms, significant decrease
	Iorfino et al [45]		✓		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		Not reported
	King et ala [46]		✓		✓		✓		✓		N/A		✓		Stigma to seek help for mental health issues, decrease; help seeking from a mental health professional, increase; help seeking from family members, increase; help seeking from a peer, increase; outpatient treatment initiation, increase
Indicated
	Bertolote et ala [47]		✓		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		✓		Not reported
	Czyz et ala [48]		✓		N/A		N/A		N/A		✓		N/A		Coping for suicidal behavior, increase; coping with safety plan, increase
	Hetrick et ala [49]		✓		✓		N/A		N/A		✓		N/A		Not reported
	King et ala [50]		✓		✓		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		Suicidal ideation, decrease at 6 weeks and 6 months of follow-up among multiple attempters
	King et al [51]		✓		✓		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		Suicidal ideation, decrease; distress, decrease
	Mehlum et ala [52]		✓		✓		N/A		N/A		N/A		✓		Suicidal ideation, decrease; depression symptoms, decrease
	Normand et al [53]		✓		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		✓		Not reported
	O’Brien et al [54]		N/A		N/A		✓		N/A		N/A		N/A		Not reported
	Rosenbaum et ala [55]		✓		✓		N/A		N/A		N/A		✓		Outpatient treatment initiation, increase
	Tan et ala,e [56]		✓		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		Not reported
	Yen et al [57]		✓		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		✓		Suicidal ideation, decrease
	Yen et al [58]		✓		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		✓		Not reported
All tiers
	Silverstone et al [59]		✓		✓		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		Suicidal ideation, planning, and attempts, decrease among actively suicidal participants; depression symptoms, decrease; anxiety, decrease

^aIndicates the study was a randomized controlled trial.

^bThe study reports that outcome.

^cN/A: not applicable.

^dT1, T2, and T3 indicate the time trials of the larger study.

^eThe study’s purpose was to promote help seeking, but no variables directly reported the help-seeking behaviors of the participants.